[Q]: Given the following passage  "In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones.",  answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.  Question: Why did Grand Duchy of Lithuania become a famous place for noble Ruthenian families to get intermarried?
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[A]: after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it


[Q]: Given the following passage  "Although unpleasantness is an essential part of the IASP definition of pain, it is possible to induce a state described as intense pain devoid of unpleasantness in some patients, with morphine injection or psychosurgery. Such patients report that they have pain but are not bothered by it; they recognize the sensation of pain but suffer little, or not at all. Indifference to pain can also rarely be present from birth; these people have normal nerves on medical investigations, and find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus.",  answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.  Question: How are certain people born with respect to their feelings of pain?
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[A]: find pain unpleasant, but do not avoid repetition of the pain stimulus


[Q]: Given the following passage  "Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. Human sciences study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In psychiatry, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. Nursing studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. Psychology examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes. In neuroscience sub-fields such as social neuroscience and affective neuroscience, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In linguistics, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In education, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined.",  answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.  Question: Besides personality and mood, what do psychologists study?
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[A]: emotions


[Q]: Given the following passage  "After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations, as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs, including signature, ratification and entry into force.",  answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.  Question: In the case of multilateral treaties, the usual procedure is for the depositary to collect the__ of all states
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[A]:
ratification