Problem: Given the question: Given the following passage  "Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysical ideas, about moral values and even about purposes is possible. Popper's student W.W. Bartley III tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge, but that everything can be rationally criticised.",  answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.  Question: Who made the less extreme claim, Popper or Bartley?
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The answer is:
Popper


Problem: Given the question: Given the following passage  "Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.",  answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.  Question: If you are a Buddhist, what do you need to study?
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The answer is:
texts


Problem: Given the question: Given the following passage  "Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.",  answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.  Question: What was included in the next wave of computers?
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The answer is:
vacuum tubes