ImageNet-W(atermark) is a test set to evaluate models’ reliance on the newly found watermark shortcut in ImageNet, which is used to predict the carton class. ImageNet-W is created by overlaying transparent watermarks on the ImageNet validation set. Two metrics are used to evaluate watermark shortcut reliance: (1) IN-W Gap: the top-1 accuracy drop from ImageNet to ImageNet-W, (2) Carton Gap: carton class accuracy increase from ImageNet to ImageNet-W. Combining ImageNet-W with previous out-of-distribution variants of ImageNet (e.g., Stylized ImageNet, ImageNet-R, ImageNet-9) forms a comprehensive suite of multi-shortcut evaluation on ImageNet.

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