Information:  - The order Cyatheales, which includes the tree ferns, is a taxonomic division of the fern class, Polypodiopsida. No clear morphological features characterize all of the Cyatheales, but DNA sequence data indicate the order is monophyletic. Some species in the Cyatheales have tree-like growth forms, but others have rhizomes.   - The Cyatheaceae are the scaly tree fern family and include the world 's tallest tree ferns , which reach heights up to 20 m. They are also very ancient plants , appearing in the fossil record in the late Jurassic , though the modern genera likely appeared in the Cenozoic . Cyatheaceae are the largest family of tree ferns , including about 500 species . Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae , together with Metaxyaceae and Cibotiaceae , are a monophyletic group and constitute the `` core tree ferns '' . Cyatheaceae are leptosporangiate ferns , the most familiar group of monilophytes . The Cyatheaceae usually have a single , erect trunk - like rhizome ( stem ) . Their fronds ( leaves ) are also very large , some of the largest in the plant kingdom . Some species have fronds reaching 3 -- 4 m in length , and have a final crown width of some 6 m. The fronds are circinate before unfolding and usually pinnately or bipinnately compound , with deeply pinnately lobed leaflets . The large leaves are covered in scales and hairs , and bear sori ( spore clusters ) on their undersides . The sori are often covered by a flap of tissue called an indusium , a useful characteristic for classifying the Cyatheaceae . Some indusia are cup - shaped ( cyatheoid ) , while others are hood - shaped ( hemitelioid ) , enclose the sorus ( sphaeropteroid ) , or scaly . Like most ferns , members of the Cyatheaceae are homosporous . Cyatheaceae are found in both New and Old World tropical wet montane forests and cloud forests , with some species extending into south - temperate regions . Most Cyatheaceae are terrestrial , with one sometimes being epiphytic and others having a creeping habit , but these are exceptions to the family norm . Cyatheaceae can be distinguished from arborescent Dicksonia by the presence of scales , the position of the sori , and the morphology of sporangia and spores . In the Cyatheaceae , the sori occur away from the margins of the pinnules , and are elongate or rounded . Since the exact number of species is not known ,...  - Cyathea is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales.   - The Cenozoic Era (also Cænozoic, Caenozoic or Cainozoic ; meaning "new life", from Greek "kainos" "new", and "zoe" "life") is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras, following the Mesozoic Era and covering the period from 66 million years ago to present day.  - A fern is a member of a group of about 10,560 known extant species of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having certain tissue that conducts water and nutrients. They have branched stems and leaves like other vascular plants. These are "megaphylls", which are more complex than the simple "microphylls" of clubmosses. Most ferns are Leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes denominated the "true ferns": they produce what are called "fiddleheads" that uncoil and expand into fronds.  - The Phanerozoic Eon (British English Phanærozoic) is the current geologic eon in the geologic time scale, and the one during which abundant animal and plant life has existed. It covers million years to the present, and began with the Cambrian Period when diverse hard-shelled animals first appeared. Its name was derived from the Ancient Greek words (phanerós) and (z), meaning "visible life", since it was once believed that life began in the Cambrian, the first period of this eon. The time before the Phanerozoic, called the "Precambrian" supereon, is now divided into the Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic eons.  - The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.2 ± 4.0 to 145.5 ± 4.0 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata. In European lithostratigraphy, the name "malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, this name was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.  - The Jurassic (from Jura Mountains) is a geologic period and system that spans 56.3 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles. The start of the period is marked by the major TriassicJurassic extinction event. Two other extinction events occurred during the period: the Pliensbachian/Toarcian event in the Early Jurassic, and the Tithonian event at the end; however, neither event ranks among the "Big Five" mass extinctions.    After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'cyatheaceae' exhibits the relationship of 'parent taxon'. Find the answer from the choices below.  Choices: - animal  - cyathea  - cyatheales  - ferns  - mya
A:
cyatheales