Q: Information:  - A writing system is any conventional method of visually representing verbal communication. While both writing and speech are useful in conveying messages, writing differs in also being a reliable form of information storage and transfer. The processes of encoding and decoding writing systems involve shared understanding between writers and readers of the meaning behind the sets of characters that make up a script. Writing is usually recorded onto a durable medium, such as paper or electronic storage, although non-durable methods may also be used, such as writing on a computer display, in sand, or by skywriting.  - A sign language (also signed language) is a language which chiefly uses manual communication to convey meaning, as opposed to acoustically conveyed sound patterns. This can involve simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express a speaker's thoughts. Sign languages share many similarities with spoken languages (sometimes called "oral languages"), which depend primarily on sound, and linguists consider both to be types of natural language. Although there are some significant differences between signed and spoken languages, such as how they use space grammatically, sign languages show the same linguistic properties and use the same language faculty as do spoken languages. They should not be confused with body language, which is a kind of non-linguistic communication.  - An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process. The invention process is a process within an overall engineering and product development process. It may be an improvement upon a machine or product or a new process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a completely unique function or result may be a radical breakthrough. Such works are novel and not obvious to others skilled in the same field. An inventor may be taking a big step in success or failure.  - A spoken language is a language produced by articulate sounds, as opposed to a written language. Many languages have no written form and so are only spoken. An oral language or vocal language is a language produced with the vocal tract, as opposed to a sign language, which is produced with the hands and face. The term "spoken language" is sometimes used to mean only vocal languages, especially by linguists, making all three terms synonyms by excluding sign languages. Others refer to sign language as "spoken", especially in contrast to written transcriptions of signs.  - In spoken language analysis an utterance is a smallest unit of speech . It is a continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a clear pause . In the case of oral languages , it is generally but not always bounded by silence . Utterances do not exist in written language , only their representations do . It can be represented and delineated in written language in many ways .  - A written language is the representation of a spoken or gestural language by means of a writing system. Written language is an invention in that it must be taught to children, who will pick up spoken language (oral or sign) by exposure even if they are not specifically taught.  - Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.    Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'subclass of' with the subject 'utterance'.  Choices: - ability  - communication  - composition  - computer  - device  - experience  - failure  - function  - human  - information  - invention  - language  - linguistics  - method  - natural  - paper  - philosophy  - process  - show  - sign  - space  - speech  - spoken language  - study  - term  - thought  - writing system
A: communication


Q: Information:  - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (; 27 October 1919  27 July 1980), known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. He took the title Shhanshh ("Emperor" or "King of Kings") on 26 October 1967. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several other titles, including that of rymehr (Light of the Aryans) and Bozorg Arteshtrn (Head of the Warriors). His dream of the Great Civilization in Iran led to a rapid industrial and military expansion as well as economic and social reforms.   - Fawzia Fuad of Egypt ( Arabic :     , Persian :      ; 5 November 1921 -- 2 July 2013 ) was an Egyptian princess who became Queen of Iran as the first wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . Princess Fawzia was the daughter of Fuad I , the seventh son of Ismail the Magnificent . She descended from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty . She was also known as Fawzia Chirine ( or Shirin ) , having married to Colonel Ismail Chirine , Egyptian diplomat of Circassian origin , in 1949 . After the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , her royal titles were no longer recognized by the Egyptian government . Until her death in 2013 , she was the oldest member of the deposed Muhammad Ali Dynasty residing in Egypt . Her nephew , Fuad , who was proclaimed King Fuad II of Egypt and Sudan after the Revolution , resides in Switzerland .  - The Iranian Revolution (also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution;) refers to events involving the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States and its eventual replacement with an Islamic republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, supported by various leftist and Islamist organizations and Iranian student movements.    Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'noble family' with the subject 'fawzia fuad of egypt'.  Choices: - house of pahlavi  - pahlavi dynasty
A: pahlavi dynasty