Q:Information:  - The Pulitzer Prize is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American (Hungarian-born) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, and is administered by Columbia University in New York City. Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each winner receives a certificate and a US$15,000 cash award (raised from $10,000 starting in 2017). The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal.  - Russia (from the  Rus'), also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. At , Russia is the largest country in the world by surface area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 140 million people at the end of March 2016. The European western part of the country is much more populated and urbanised than the eastern, about 77% of the population live in European Russia. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara.  - Gulag : A History , also published as Gulag : A History of the Soviet Camps , is a non-fiction book covering the history of the Soviet Gulag system . It was written by American author Anne Applebaum and published in 2003 by Doubleday . Gulag won the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the 2004 Duff Cooper Prize . It was also nominated for the National Book Critics Circle prize and for the National Book Award . The book charts the history of the Gulag organization from its beginnings in the Solovki prison camp and the construction of the White Sea Canal through its explosive growth in the Great Terror and the Second World War , and tracks its diminution following the death of Joseph Stalin and its final closure in the 1980s . A large portion of the book is devoted to covering lives and deaths of camp inmates , including their arrest , interrogation , trial , transportation , the details of the rigors of their working and living conditions , the privations of starvation and disease , and the circumstances of their deaths . The book draws heavily on Soviet - era archives and on the diaries and writings of camp survivors .  - Central and Eastern Europe, abbreviated CEE, is a generic term for the group of countries in Central Europe, Southeast Europe, Northern Europe, and Eastern Europe, usually meaning former communist states in Europe. It is in use after the collapse of the Iron Curtain in 198990. In scholarly literature the abbreviations CEE or CEEC are often used for this concept.  - Civil society is the "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens." Civil society includes the family and the private sphere, referred to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business. By other authors, "civil society" is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.  - A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. A book review can be a primary source opinion piece, summary review or scholarly review. Books can be reviewed for printed periodicals, magazines and newspapers, as school work, or for book web sites on the Internet. A book review's length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial essay. Such a review may evaluate the book on the basis of personal taste. Reviewers may use the occasion of a book review for a display of learning or to promulgate their own ideas on the topic of a fiction or non-fiction work.  - The National Book Awards are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November, the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors.  - The National Book Critics Circle (NBCC) is an American nonprofit organization (501(c)(3)) with nearly 600 members. It is the professional association of American book review editors and critics, known primarily for the National Book Critics Circle Awards, a set of literary awards presented every March.  - A professional association (also called a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is usually a nonprofit organization seeking to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals engaged in that profession and the public interest.  - The editorial board is a group of people, usually at a publication, who dictate the tone and direction the publication's editorial policy will take.  - History (from Greek , "historia", meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians.  - The Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It has been presented since 1962 for a distinguished book of non-fiction by an American author, published during the preceding calendar year, that is not eligible for consideration in another category.  - A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.  - Political science is a social science which deals with systems of government, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts and political behaviour. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works."   - The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London. Continuous publication began under its founder, James Wilson, in September 1843. In 2015 its average weekly circulation was a little over 1.5 million, about half of which were sold in the United States.  - Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December 1878  5 March 1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state.  - The National Book Foundation (NBF) is an American nonprofit organization established "to raise the cultural appreciation of great writing in America". Established 1989 by National Book Awards, Inc., the foundation is the administrator and sponsor of the National Book Awards, a changing set of literary awards inaugurated 1936 and continuous from 1950. It also organizes and sponsors public and educational programs.  - The Gulag (acronym of Russian    "main administration of the camps", usually translated "Chief Directorate of Camps") was the government agency that administered and controlled the main Soviet forced-labor camp system during the period of Joseph Stalin's rule over the country from the 1930s up until the 1950s.  - A nonprofit organization (NPO) (also known as a non-business entity) is an organization with the purpose of which is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the non-distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.  - Anne Elizabeth Applebaum (born July 25, 1964) is an American-born, naturalised Polish journalist and Pulitzer Prizewinning author who has written extensively about communism and the development of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe. She is the director of the Transitions Forum at the Legatum Institute in London. She has also been an editor at "The Economist", and a member of the editorial board of "The Washington Post" (200206).  - Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, "poiesis", "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of languagesuch as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metreto evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.  - The National Book Critics Circle Awards are a set of annual American literary awards by the National Book Critics Circle to promote "the finest books and reviews published in English". The first NBCC awards were announced and presented January 16, 1976.  - Alfred Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich, (22 February 1890  1 January 1954), known as Duff Cooper, was a British Conservative Party politician, diplomat and author. in the intense political debates of the late 1930s over appeasement, he first put his trust in the League of Nations, and realized that war with Germany was inevitable. He denounced the Munich agreement of 1938 as meaningless, cowardly, and unworkable, as he resigned from the cabinet. When Churchill became prime minister in May 1940, he named Cooper as Minister of Information. From 1941 he served in numerous minor diplomatic roles. His most important role was representative to de Gaulle's Free France (1943-44) and ambassador to France from 1944-48.  - The Duff Cooper Prize is a literary prize awarded annually for the best work of history, biography, political science or (very occasionally) poetry, published in English or French. The prize was established in honour of Duff Cooper, a British diplomat, Cabinet member and acclaimed author. The prize was first awarded in 1956 to Alan Moorehead for his "Gallipoli". At present, the winner receives a first edition copy of Duff Cooper's autobiography "Old Men Forget" and a cheque for £5,000.  - Old Men Forget is a 1953 autobiography by Duff Cooper, Viscount Norwich, detailing his Victorian childhood, Edwardian youth, and work in literature and politics.   - Alan McCrae Moorehead (22 July 1910  29 September 1983) was a war correspondent and author of popular histories, most notably two books on the nineteenth-century exploration of the Nile, "The White Nile" (1960) and "The Blue Nile" (1962). Australian-born, he lived in England, and Italy, from 1937.  - A government or state agency, often an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an intelligence agency. There is a notable variety of agency types. Although usage differs, a government agency is normally distinct both from a department or ministry, and other types of public body established by government. The functions of an agency are normally executive in character, since different types of organizations ("such as commissions") are most often constituted in an advisory rolethis distinction is often blurred in practice however.    Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'genre' with the subject 'gulag: a history'.  Choices: - autobiography  - basic  - biography  - book  - communism  - country  - drama  - education  - essay  - family  - fiction  - government  - history  - information  - journalism  - literary criticism  - literature  - magazine  - march  - party  - poetry  - politics  - review  - science  - society  - study  - symbolism  - variety  - various  - war  - will  - youth
A:
essay