*Question*
Information:  - Gnosticism (from "gnostikos", "having knowledge", from , knowledge) is a modern term categorizing a collection of ancient religions whose adherents shunned the material world  which they viewed as created by the demiurge  and embraced the spiritual world. Gnostic ideas influenced many ancient religions that teach that "gnosis" (variously interpreted as knowledge, enlightenment, salvation, emancipation or 'oneness with God') may be reached by practicing philanthropy to the point of personal poverty and diligently searching for wisdom by helping others. However, practices varied among those who were Gnostic.  - Little is known about Apelles ( mid- 2nd century ) . He was a disciple of Marcion , probably at Rome , but left ( or was expelled from ) the Marcionite society . Tertullian tells us that this was because he had become intimate with a woman named Philumena who claimed to be possessed by an angel , who gave her ' revelations ' which Apelles read out in public . He then went to Alexandria , where he developed his doctrine , a modified Marcionism , which ( according to Tertullian ) admitted that Christ possessed true human flesh but continued to deny the nativity . Apelles wrote a book entitled Syllogisms ( ' reasonings ' ) though the word itself suggests that Apelles may have intended to oppose Marcion 's Antitheses , which set the Old Testament and the New Testament against each other . He is last heard of in Rome in the last portion of the 2nd century . His followers , the ' Apelliacos ' or Apelleasts , are likewise unknown . Tertullian wrote a tract against them which has not survived . Ambrose of Milan in the 4th century directs some of his comments in his De paradiso ( On the Garden of Eden ) against this sect , but whether the sect was still active or whether Ambrose had merely copied another now lost work of Tertullian on the same subject is unknown . Tertullian mentions a teaching of this sect that flesh was constructed for seduced souls by a certain ' fiery prince of evil ' . This seems related to the sort of gnostic ideas held by Basilides or Valentinus . Later Marcionite ideas described by the Armenian Eznik ( or Yeznik Koghbatsi ) seem similar to this .  - The term Gnosticism is used by scholars with a wide variety of meanings and levels of specificity. Sometimes the term refers only to those Sethians who used the term "gnostikoi" to describe themselves. Sometimes it is used more broadly to include Valentinians, followers of Basilides, and others. Likewise, one scholar may consider Simon Magus a gnostic, where another considers him a proto-gnostic. Some early Church fathers, such as Irenaeus, seemed to think that all heresies were Gnosticism at root, and thus that any heretic was in a sense a Gnostic.  - Tertullian, full name "Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus", c. 155  c. 240 AD, was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. Of Berber origin, he was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity" and "the founder of Western theology."    Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'religion' with the subject 'apelles '.  Choices: - christian  - church  - gnosticism
**Answer**
gnosticism

*Question*
Information:  - Gunvor Hofmo (30 June 1921  17 October 1995) was a Norwegian writer, often considered one of Norway's most influential modernist poets.  - A writer is a person who uses written words in various styles and techniques to communicate their ideas. Writers produce various forms of literary art and creative writing such as novels, short stories, poetry, plays, screenplays, and essays as well as various reports and news articles that may be of interest to the public. Writers' texts are published across a range of media. Skilled writers who are able to use language to express ideas well often contribute significantly to the cultural content of a society. The word is also used elsewhere in the arts  such as songwriter  but as a standalone term, "writer" normally refers to the creation of written language. Some writers work from an oral tradition.  - Astrid Tollefsen ( 11 December 1897 -- 9 October 1973 ) was a Norwegian lyricist . She made her literary debut with the poetry collection Portrett i speil ( 1947 ) . She lived in a long - term relationship with the lyricist Gunvor Hofmo . Tollefsen was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature in 1967 for the poetry collection Hendelser .    Given the information above, choose from the list below the object entity that exhibits the relation 'country of citizenship' with the subject 'astrid tollefsen'.  Choices: - norway  - writer
**Answer**
norway