Problem: Information:  - id Software LLC (formerly id Software, Inc., ; see Company name) is an American video game developer headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The company was founded on February 1, 1991, by four members of the computer company Softdisk, programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack (no relation to John Carmack). Business manager Jay Wilbur was also involved.  - Adrian Carmack (born May 5, 1969) is one of the four founders of id Software, along with Tom Hall, John Romero, and John Carmack (no relation). He had worked there as an artist. He was a major stock owner of id Software until he left the company.  - Alfonso John Romero (born October 28, 1967) is an American director, designer, programmer, and developer in the video game industry. He is best known as a co-founder of id Software and designer for many of their games, including "Wolfenstein 3D", "Dangerous Dave", "", "Doom" and "Quake". His game designs and development tools, along with new programming techniques created and implemented by id Software's lead programmer John D. Carmack, led to a mass popularization of the first person shooter, or FPS, in the 1990s. He is credited with coining the FPS multiplayer term "deathmatch".  - Quake II is a first - person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Activision . It is not a direct sequel to Quake ; id decided to revert to an existing trademark when they were unable to agree on a new name that did not violate another company 's trademark . The soundtrack for Quake II was mainly provided by Sonic Mayhem , with some additional tracks by Bill Brown ; the main theme was also composed by Bill Brown and Rob Zombie , and one track was by Jer Sypult .    Given the paragraphs above, decide what entity has the relation 'programmer' with 'john carmack'.

A: quake ii


Problem: Information:  - A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each other using a data link. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.  - In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions, possibly with comments, written using a human-readable programming language, usually as ordinary text. The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code. The source code is often transformed by an assembler or compiler into binary machine code understood by the computer. The machine code might then be stored for execution at a later time. Alternatively, source code may be interpreted and thus immediately executed.  - WWIVnet was a Bulletin board system (BBS) network for WWIV-based BBSes. It was created by Wayne Bell on December 1, 1987. The system was similar to FidoNet in purpose, but used a very different routing mechanism that was more automated and distributed.  - A bulletin board system, or BBS, is a computer server running software that allows users to connect to the system using a terminal program. Once logged in, the user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users through email, public message boards, and sometimes via direct chatting. Many BBSes also offer on-line games, in which users can compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often provide chat rooms, allowing users to interact with each other. Bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the World Wide Web, social networks and other aspects of the Internet. Low-cost, high-performance modems drove the use of online services and BBSes through the early 1990s. "Infoworld" estimated there were 60,000 BBSes serving 17 million users in the United States alone in 1994, a collective market much larger than major online services like CompuServe.  - FidoNet is a worldwide computer network that is used for communication between bulletin board systems (BBSes). It uses a store-and-forward system to exchange private (email) and public (forum) messages between the BBSes in the network, as well as other files and protocols in some cases.  - The Z - Netz was a German BBS network applying store and forward mechanisms to provide their users with e-mail and discussion groups . It can be compared to the U.S. based WWIV network or the international FidoNet . The technical base for the Z - Netz was the software `` Zerberus '' . Initially the network was called `` Zerberus Netz '' or just `` Zerberus '' . When other software applying the `` ZConnect '' data transfer method became available , the network was renamed to `` Z - Netz '' to reflect that . `` Zerberus '' was developed since 1984 . It was later maintained by the `` Zerberus GmbH '' , which was founded in 1992 and dissolved in 1999 . Several Z - Netz operators maintained gateways into other networks , most notably the Usenet , and even forwarded Z - Netz e-mail to the Internet and vice versa . With internet access becoming easily available in Germany in the late 90s the Z - Netz began to vanish .  - A sysop (an abbreviation of system operator) is an administrator of a multi-user computer system, such as a bulletin board system (BBS) or an online service virtual community. It may also be used to refer to administrators of other Internet-based network services.  - Store and forward is a telecommunications technique in which information is sent to an intermediate station where it is kept and sent at a later time to the final destination or to another intermediate station. The intermediate station, or node in a networking context, verifies the integrity of the message before forwarding it. In general, this technique is used in networks with intermittent connectivity, especially in the wilderness or environments requiring high mobility. It may also be preferable in situations when there are long delays in transmission and variable and high error rates, or if a direct, end-to-end connection is not available.  - Information is that which informs. In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts. As it regards data, the information's existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer (it exists beyond an event horizon, for example), while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer.  - WWIV was a popular brand of bulletin board system software from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s. The modifiable source code allowed a sysop to customize the main BBS program for their particular needs and aesthetics. WWIV also allowed tens of thousands of BBSes to link together, forming a worldwide proprietary computer network, the WWIVnet, similar to FidoNet, but with fewer problems related to forum management.    Given the paragraphs above, decide what entity has the relation 'instance of' with 'bulletin board system'.

A:
z-netz