Information:  - The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic American politics prior to and during the Clinton administration and also involved the fund-raising practices of the administration itself.  - Liu Chaoying (), or Helen Liu, was an executive at China Aerospace International Holdings, Ltd. Hong Kong which is the Hong Kong subsidiary of China's premier satellite developer, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (). She was a Lt. Col. in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China. Liu is the daughter of former PLA General Liu Huaqing. She was a major figure in the 1996 United States campaign finance controversy.  - The , which is called or TSE for short, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan. It is the fourth largest stock exchange in the world by aggregate market capitalization of its listed companies, and largest in East Asia and Asia. It had 2,292 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of US$4.09 trillion as of April 2015.  - Liu Huaqing (October 1916  January 14, 2011) was a general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. He served as Commander of the PLA Navy from 1982 through 1988, and is considered to have greatly contributed to the modernization of the Chinese Navy.  - Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.  - The China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) is the main contractor for the Chinese space program. It is state-owned and has a number of subordinate entities which design, develop and manufacture a range of spacecraft, launch vehicles, strategic and tactical missile systems, and ground equipment. It was officially established in July 1999 as part of a Chinese government reform drive, having previously been one part of the former China Aerospace Corporation. Various incarnations of the program date back to 1956.  - The space program of the People's Republic of China is directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). Its technological roots can be traced back to the late 1950s, when the People's Republic began a ballistic missile program in response to perceived American (and, later, Soviet) threats. However, the first Chinese crewed space program only began several decades later, when an accelerated program of technological development culminated in Yang Liwei's successful 2003 flight aboard Shenzhou 5. This achievement made China the third country to independently send humans into space. Plans currently include a permanent Chinese space station in 2020 and crewed expeditions to the Moon.  - The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE), is a stock exchange that is based in the city of Shanghai, China. It is one of the two stock exchanges operating independently in the People's Republic of China, the other being the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's 5th largest stock market by market capitalization at US$3.5 trillion as of February 2016, and 2nd largest in East Asia and Asia. Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is still not entirely open to foreign investors due to tight capital account controls exercised by the Chinese mainland authorities and often manipulated by the decisions of the Central Government.  - The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (SEHK) is a stock exchange located in Hong Kong. It is East Asia's and Asia's third largest stock exchange in terms of market capitalization behind the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the sixth largest in the world before Euronext. As of 31 October 2016, SEHK had 1,955 listed companies, 989 of which are from mainland China, 856 from Hong Kong and 110 from abroad (e.g. Taiwan, Malaysia, United States, Singapores, etc.) Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing owns SEHK and is itself listed on SEHK.  - Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total land area of and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities, it ranks as the world's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory.  - China Aerospace International Holdings Ltd. or China Aerospace International Holdings , Ltd. ( Space Holdings ) ( Chinese :  ) ( SEHK : 0031 ) is the Hong Kong subsidiary of China 's premier satellite developer , China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation ( Chinese :  ) which is abbreviated as  and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange . The company was headed by Lt. Col. Liu Chaoying (  ) in the late 1990s , the daughter of Liu Huaqing (  ) . Both China Aerospace Group Holdings and China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation are major shareholders in this company and is China 's premier developer of space technology and products ( spacecraft and carrier rockets , satellites , etc. ) .    What entity does 'china aerospace international holdings' has the relation 'inception' with?
1999