Ques:Information:  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe type of muscular dystrophy. The symptom of muscle weakness usually begin around the age of four in boys and worsens quickly. Typically muscle loss occurs first in the upper legs and pelvis followed by those of the upper arms. This can result in trouble standing up. Most are unable to walk by the age of 12. Affected muscles may look larger due to increased fat content. Scoliosis is also common. Some may have intellectual disability. Females with a single copy of the defective gene may show mild symptoms. The disorder is X-linked recessive. About two thirds of cases are inherited from a person's parents, while one third of cases are due to a new mutation. It is caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein dystrophin. Dystrophin is important to maintain the muscle fiber's cell membrane. Genetic testing can often make the diagnosis at birth. Those affected also have a high level of creatine kinase in their blood. No cure for muscular dystrophy is known. Physical therapy, braces, and corrective surgery may help with some symptoms. Assisted ventilation may be required in those with weakness of breathing muscles. Medications used include steroids to slow muscle degeneration, anticonvulsants to control seizures and some muscle activity, and immunosuppressants to delay damage to dying muscle cells. DMD affects about one in 5,000 males at birth. It is the most common type of muscular dystrophy. The average life expectancy is 26; however, with excellent care, some may live into their 30s or 40s. Gene therapy, as a treatment, is in the early stages of study in humans.  - Dystroglycan is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "DAG1" gene.  - Originally identified as Kirsten ras associated gene (krag), Sarcospan (SSPN) (is a 25-kDa transmembrane protein located in the dystrophin-associated protein complex of skeletal muscle cells, where it is most abundant. It contains four transmembrane spanning helices with both N- and C-terminal domains located intracellularly. Loss of SSPN expression occurs in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin is required for proper localization of SSPN. SSPN is also an essential regulator of Akt signaling pathways. Without SSPN, Akt signaling pathways will be hindered and muscle regeneration will not occur.  - Dystrophin is a rod - shaped cytoplasmic protein , and a vital part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane . This complex is variously known as the costamere or the dystrophin - associated protein complex . Many muscle proteins , such as  - dystrobrevin , syncoilin , synemin , sarcoglycan , dystroglycan , and sarcospan , colocalize with dystrophin at the costamere . The dystrophin gene is one of the longest human genes known , covering 2.5 megabases ( 0.08 % of the human genome ) at locus Xp21 . The primary transcript measures about 2,400 kilobases and takes 16 hours to transcribe ; the mature mRNA measures 14.0 kilobases . The 79 exons code for a protein of over 3500 amino acid residues .    After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'dystrophin' exhibits the relationship of 'ortholog'. Find the answer from the choices below.  Choices: - dag1  - dmd  - sarcospan

Ans:dmd
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Ques:Information:  - Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.  - Helleborus cyclophyllus is a flowering perennial native to Albania , Greece , and Bulgaria , and environs . It is similar in appearance to other hellebores found in the Balkan region . It is acaulescent , meaning it lacks a stem with leaves , instead sending up a leafless flower stalk . The green leaves are palmate and basal , spreading at the ground . The flowers are green to yellow - green and 2 to 3 inches in diameter .  - Bulgaria (tr. '), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (tr. '), is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of , Bulgaria is Europe's 16th-largest country.  - Commonly known as hellebores , the Eurasian genus Helleborus consists of approximately 20 species of herbaceous or evergreen perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, within which it gave its name to the tribe of Helleboreae. The scientific name "Helleborus" derives from the Greek name for "H. orientalis",  "helléboros", from "elein" "to injure" and  "borá" "food". Many species are poisonous. Despite names such as "winter rose", "Christmas rose" and "Lenten rose", hellebores are not closely related to the rose family (Rosaceae).    After reading the paragraphs above, we are interested in knowing the entity with which 'helleborus cyclophyllus' exhibits the relationship of 'taxon rank'. Find the answer from the choices below.  Choices: - form  - species

Ans:
species
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