An Information Bottleneck Approach for Controlling Conciseness in Rationale Extraction

EMNLP 2020 · Bhargavi Paranjape, Mandar Joshi, John Thickstun, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer ·

Decisions of complex language understanding models can be rationalized by limiting their inputs to a relevant subsequence of the original text. A rationale should be as concise as possible without significantly degrading task performance, but this balance can be difficult to achieve in practice. In this paper, we show that it is possible to better manage this trade-off by optimizing a bound on the Information Bottleneck (IB) objective. Our fully unsupervised approach jointly learns an explainer that predicts sparse binary masks over sentences, and an end-task predictor that considers only the extracted rationale. Using IB, we derive a learning objective that allows direct control of mask sparsity levels through a tunable sparse prior. Experiments on ERASER benchmark tasks demonstrate significant gains over norm-minimization techniques for both task performance and agreement with human rationales. Furthermore, we find that in the semi-supervised setting, a modest amount of gold rationales (25% of training examples) closes the gap with a model that uses the full input.