Defining and Counting Phonological Classes in Cross-linguistic Segment Databases

Recently, there has been an explosion in the availability of large, good-quality cross-linguistic databases such as WALS (Dryer {\&} Haspelmath, 2013), Glottolog (Hammarstrom et al., 2015) and Phoible (Moran {\&} McCloy, 2014). Databases such as Phoible contain the actual segments used by various languages as they are given in the primary language descriptions. However, this segment-level representation cannot be used directly for analyses that require generalizations over classes of segments that share theoretically interesting features. Here we present a method and the associated R (R Core Team, 2014) code that allows the flexible definition of such meaningful classes and that can identify the sets of segments falling into such a class for any language inventory. The method and its results are important for those interested in exploring cross-linguistic patterns of phonetic and phonological diversity and their relationship to extra-linguistic factors and processes such as climate, economics, history or human genetics.