Detecting Out-of-Distribution Examples with In-distribution Examples and Gram Matrices

28 Dec 2019  ·  Chandramouli Shama Sastry, Sageev Oore ·

When presented with Out-of-Distribution (OOD) examples, deep neural networks yield confident, incorrect predictions. Detecting OOD examples is challenging, and the potential risks are high. In this paper, we propose to detect OOD examples by identifying inconsistencies between activity patterns and class predicted. We find that characterizing activity patterns by Gram matrices and identifying anomalies in gram matrix values can yield high OOD detection rates. We identify anomalies in the gram matrices by simply comparing each value with its respective range observed over the training data. Unlike many approaches, this can be used with any pre-trained softmax classifier and does not require access to OOD data for fine-tuning hyperparameters, nor does it require OOD access for inferring parameters. The method is applicable across a variety of architectures and vision datasets and, for the important and surprisingly hard task of detecting far-from-distribution out-of-distribution examples, it generally performs better than or equal to state-of-the-art OOD detection methods (including those that do assume access to OOD examples).

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Task Dataset Model Metric Name Metric Value Global Rank Result Benchmark
Out-of-Distribution Detection CIFAR-100 vs CIFAR-10 ResNet + diagonal elements of Gram matrix AUROC 76.6 # 13
Out-of-Distribution Detection CIFAR-100 vs CIFAR-10 DenseNet + diagonal elements of Gram matrix AUROC 70.1 # 14
Out-of-Distribution Detection CIFAR-10 vs CIFAR-100 ResNet + diagonal elements of Gram matrix AUROC 79.7 # 13

Methods