The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies
9 Feb 2015 · MAGIC Collaboration, J. Aleksić, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, A. Babic, P. Bangale, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra González, W. Bednarek, K. Berger, E. Bernardini, A. Biland, O. Blanch, R. K. Bock, S. Bonnefoy, G. Bonnoli, F. Borracci, T. Bretz, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, D. Carreto Fidalgo, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, G. De Caneva, B. De Lotto, C. Delgado Mendez, M. Doert, A. Domínguez, D. Dominis Prester, D. Dorner, M. Doro, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher, D. Elsaesser, E. Farina, D. Ferenc, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, K. Frantzen, C. Fruck, R. J. García López, M. Garczarczyk, D. Garrido Terrats, M. Gaug, G. Giavitto, N. Godinović, A. González Mu\ noz, S. R. Gozzini, A. Hadamek, D. Hadasch, A. Herrero, D. Hildebrand, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, W. Idec, V. Kadenius, H. Kellermann, M. L. Knoetig, J. Krause, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, D. Lelas, N. Lewandowska, E. Lindfors, F. Longo, S. Lombardi, M. López, R. López-Coto, A. López-Oramas, E. Lorenz, I. Lozano, M. Makariev, K. Mallot, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, B. Marcote, M. Mariotti, M. Martínez, D. Mazin, U. Menzel, M. Meucci, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Nakajima, A. Niedzwiecki, K. Nilsson, N. Nowak, R. Orito, A. Overkemping, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, X. Paredes-Fortuny, S. Partini, M. Persic, F. Prada, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, S. Preziuso, I. Puljak, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribó, J. Rico, J. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Rügamer, A. Saggion, K. Saito, M. Salvati, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schultz, T. Schweizer, S. N. Shore, A. Sillanpää, J. Sitarek, I. Snidaric, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, V. Stamatescu, A. Stamerra, T. Steinbring, J. Storz, S. Sun, T. Surić, L. Takalo, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzić, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, J. Thaele, O. Tibolla, D. F. Torres, T. Toyama, A. Treves, M. Uellenbeck, P. Vogler, R. M. Wagner, F. Zandanel, R. Zanin, VERITAS collaboration, :, S. Archambault, B. Behera, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, R. Bird, J. H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, M. Cerruti, X. Chen, L. Ciupik, E. Collins-Hughes, W. Cui, J. Dumm, J. D. Eisch, A. Falcone, S. Federici, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, H. Fleischhack, P. Fortin, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, S. Griffin, S. T. Griffiths, J. Grube, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, G. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, C. A. Johnson, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, Y. Khassen, D. Kieda, H. Krawczynski, F. Krennrich, S. Kumar, M. J. Lang, G. Maier, S. McArthur, K. Meagher, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, N. Park, A. Pichel, M. Pohl, A. Popkow, H. Prokoph, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, J. Rajotte, P. T. Reynolds, G. T. Richards, E. Roache, A. C. Rovero, G. H. Sembroski, K. Shahinyan, D. Staszak, I. Telezhinsky, M. Theiling, J. V. Tucci, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, S. P. Wakely, T. C. Weekes, A. Weinstein, R. Welsing, A. Wilhelm, D. A. Williams, B. Zitzer, External collaborators, :, M. Villata, C. Raiteri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, W. P. Chen, B. Jordan, E. Koptelova, O. M. Kurtanidze, A. Lähteenmäki, B. McBreen, V. M. Larionov, C. S. Lin, M. G. Nikolashvili, E. Angelakis, M. Capalbi, A. Carrami\ nana, L. Carrasco, P. Cassaro, A. Cesarini, L. Fuhrmann, M. Giroletti, T. Hovatta, T. P. Krichbaum, H. A. Krimm, W. Max-Moerbeck, J. W. Moody, G. Maccaferri, Y. Mori, I. Nestoras, A. Orlati, C. Pace, R. Pearson, M. Perri, A. C. S. Readhead, J. L. Richards, A. C. Sadun, T. Sakamoto, J. Tammi, M. Tornikoski, Y. Yatsu, A. Zook ·
We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign (from radio to VHE gamma rays) on Mrk421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical/UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multi-wavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray/VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies.
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