Search Results for author: Di Liu

Found 50 papers, 18 papers with code

LUCAS: Layered Universal Codec Avatars

no code implementations27 Feb 2025 Di Liu, Teng Deng, Giljoo Nam, Yu Rong, Stanislav Pidhorskyi, Junxuan Li, Jason Saragih, Dimitris N. Metaxas, Chen Cao

We present LUCAS, a novel Universal Prior Model (UPM) for codec avatar modeling that disentangles face and hair through a layered representation.

The Hidden Life of Tokens: Reducing Hallucination of Large Vision-Language Models via Visual Information Steering

1 code implementation5 Feb 2025 Zhuowei Li, Haizhou Shi, Yunhe Gao, Di Liu, Zhenting Wang, Yuxiao Chen, Ting Liu, Long Zhao, Hao Wang, Dimitris N. Metaxas

Extensive experiments show that VISTA on average reduces hallucination by abount 40% on evaluated open-ended generation task, and it consistently outperforms existing methods on four benchmarks across four architectures under three decoding strategies.

Hallucination

Temporal Action Localization with Cross Layer Task Decoupling and Refinement

1 code implementation12 Dec 2024 Qiang Li, Di Liu, Jun Kong, Sen Li, Hui Xu, Jianzhong Wang

Temporal action localization (TAL) involves dual tasks to classify and localize actions within untrimmed videos.

Action Classification Temporal Action Localization

Efficient Deep Learning Infrastructures for Embedded Computing Systems: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Envision

no code implementations3 Nov 2024 Xiangzhong Luo, Di Liu, Hao Kong, Shuo Huai, Hui Chen, Guochu Xiong, Weichen Liu

Specifically, we discuss recent efficient deep learning infrastructures for embedded computing systems from the lens of (1) efficient manual network design for embedded computing systems, (2) efficient automated network design for embedded computing systems, (3) efficient network compression for embedded computing systems, (4) efficient on-device learning for embedded computing systems, (5) efficient large language models for embedded computing systems, (6) efficient deep learning software and hardware for embedded computing systems, and (7) efficient intelligent applications for embedded computing systems.

Deep Learning Image Classification +2

RingMo-Aerial: An Aerial Remote Sensing Foundation Model With A Affine Transformation Contrastive Learning

no code implementations20 Sep 2024 Wenhui Diao, Haichen Yu, Kaiyue Kang, Tong Ling, Di Liu, Yingchao Feng, Hanbo Bi, Libo Ren, Xuexue Li, Yongqiang Mao, Xian Sun

Furthermore, the ARS-Adapter, an efficient parameter fine-tuning method, is proposed to improve the model's adaptability and effectiveness in various ARS vision tasks.

Contrastive Learning

RetrievalAttention: Accelerating Long-Context LLM Inference via Vector Retrieval

1 code implementation16 Sep 2024 Di Liu, Meng Chen, Baotong Lu, Huiqiang Jiang, Zhenhua Han, Qianxi Zhang, Qi Chen, Chengruidong Zhang, Bailu Ding, Kai Zhang, Chen Chen, Fan Yang, Yuqing Yang, Lili Qiu

This paper proposes RetrievalAttention, a training-free approach to both accelerate attention computation and reduce GPU memory consumption.

Retrieval

Resolving Inconsistent Semantics in Multi-Dataset Image Segmentation

no code implementations15 Sep 2024 Qilong Zhangli, Di Liu, Abhishek Aich, Dimitris Metaxas, Samuel Schulter

Notably, on four benchmark datasets with label space inconsistencies during inference, we outperform previous methods by 1. 6% mIoU for semantic segmentation, 9. 1% PQ for panoptic segmentation, 12. 1% AP for instance segmentation, and 3. 0% in the newly proposed PIQ metric.

Image Segmentation Instance Segmentation +2

Layout Agnostic Scene Text Image Synthesis with Diffusion Models

no code implementations CVPR 2024 Qilong Zhangli, Jindong Jiang, Di Liu, Licheng Yu, Xiaoliang Dai, Ankit Ramchandani, Guan Pang, Dimitris N. Metaxas, Praveen Krishnan

While diffusion models have significantly advanced the quality of image generation their capability to accurately and coherently render text within these images remains a substantial challenge.

Diversity Image Generation +4

Make Safe Decisions in Power System: Safe Reinforcement Learning Based Pre-decision Making for Voltage Stability Emergency Control

no code implementations26 May 2024 Congbo Bi, Lipeng Zhu, Di Liu, Chao Lu

The high penetration of renewable energy and power electronic equipment bring significant challenges to the efficient construction of adaptive emergency control strategies against various presumed contingencies in today's power systems.

Active Learning Decision Making +3

Implicit In-context Learning

1 code implementation23 May 2024 Zhuowei Li, Zihao Xu, Ligong Han, Yunhe Gao, Song Wen, Di Liu, Hao Wang, Dimitris N. Metaxas

In-context Learning (ICL) empowers large language models (LLMs) to adapt to unseen tasks during inference by prefixing a few demonstration examples prior to test queries.

In-Context Learning Transfer Learning +1

Instantaneous Perception of Moving Objects in 3D

no code implementations CVPR 2024 Di Liu, Bingbing Zhuang, Dimitris N. Metaxas, Manmohan Chandraker

Specifically, due to the lack of correspondences between consecutive frames of sparse Lidar point clouds, static objects might appear to be moving - the so-called swimming effect.

Motion Estimation

Evaluating the Application of ChatGPT in Outpatient Triage Guidance: A Comparative Study

no code implementations27 Apr 2024 Dou Liu, Ying Han, Xiandi Wang, Xiaomei Tan, Di Liu, Guangwu Qian, Kang Li, Dan Pu, Rong Yin

However, the between-version consistency is relatively low (mean consistency score=1. 43/3, median=1), indicating few recommendations match between the two versions.

Response Generation

AC-EVAL: Evaluating Ancient Chinese Language Understanding in Large Language Models

1 code implementation11 Mar 2024 Yuting Wei, Yuanxing Xu, Xinru Wei, Simin Yang, Yangfu Zhu, Yuqing Li, Di Liu, Bin Wu

Given the importance of ancient Chinese in capturing the essence of rich historical and cultural heritage, the rapid advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitate benchmarks that can effectively evaluate their understanding of ancient contexts.

Philosophy Reading Comprehension

Large Language Models for Mathematical Reasoning: Progresses and Challenges

no code implementations31 Jan 2024 Janice Ahn, Rishu Verma, Renze Lou, Di Liu, Rui Zhang, Wenpeng Yin

Mathematical reasoning serves as a cornerstone for assessing the fundamental cognitive capabilities of human intelligence.

Diversity Math +3

Clustering Molecular Energy Landscapes by Adaptive Network Embedding

no code implementations19 Jan 2024 Paula Mercurio, Di Liu

In order to efficiently explore the chemical space of all possible small molecules, a common approach is to compress the dimension of the system to facilitate downstream machine learning tasks.

Clustering Network Embedding

Pairwise GUI Dataset Construction Between Android Phones and Tablets

2 code implementations NeurIPS 2023 Han Hu, Haolan Zhan, Yujin Huang, Di Liu

There are currently several publicly accessible GUI page datasets for phones, but none for pairwise GUIs between phones and tablets.

Deep Learning

Deep Deformable Models: Learning 3D Shape Abstractions with Part Consistency

no code implementations2 Sep 2023 Di Liu, Long Zhao, Qilong Zhangli, Yunhe Gao, Ting Liu, Dimitris N. Metaxas

The task of shape abstraction with semantic part consistency is challenging due to the complex geometries of natural objects.

Network Embedding Using Sparse Approximations of Random Walks

no code implementations25 Aug 2023 Paula Mercurio, Di Liu

In this paper, we propose an efficient numerical implementation of Network Embedding based on commute times, using sparse approximation of a diffusion process on the network obtained by a modified version of the diffusion wavelet algorithm.

Clustering Multi-Label Classification +2

Improving Tuning-Free Real Image Editing with Proximal Guidance

1 code implementation8 Jun 2023 Ligong Han, Song Wen, Qi Chen, Zhixing Zhang, Kunpeng Song, Mengwei Ren, Ruijiang Gao, Anastasis Stathopoulos, Xiaoxiao He, Yuxiao Chen, Di Liu, Qilong Zhangli, Jindong Jiang, Zhaoyang Xia, Akash Srivastava, Dimitris Metaxas

Null-text inversion (NTI) optimizes null embeddings to align the reconstruction and inversion trajectories with larger CFG scales, enabling real image editing with cross-attention control.

Training Like a Medical Resident: Context-Prior Learning Toward Universal Medical Image Segmentation

2 code implementations CVPR 2024 Yunhe Gao, Zhuowei Li, Di Liu, Mu Zhou, Shaoting Zhang, Dimitris N. Metaxas

Inspired by the training program of medical radiology residents, we propose a shift towards universal medical image segmentation, a paradigm aiming to build medical image understanding foundation models by leveraging the diversity and commonality across clinical targets, body regions, and imaging modalities.

Image Segmentation Incremental Learning +4

Cooperative IoT Data Sharing with Heterogeneity of Participants Based on Electricity Retail

no code implementations31 May 2023 Bohong Wang, Qinglai Guo, Tian Xia, Qiang Li, Di Liu, Feng Zhao

With the development of Internet of Things (IoT) and big data technology, the data value is increasingly explored in multiple practical scenarios, including electricity transactions.

Data Valuation Fairness

Resilience in Platoons of Cooperative Heterogeneous Vehicles: Self-organization Strategies and Provably-correct Design

no code implementations27 May 2023 Di Liu, Sebastian Mair, Kang Yang, Simone Baldi, Paolo Frasca, Matthias Althoff

We show that self-organization promotes resilience to acceleration limits and communication failures, i. e., homogenizing to a common group behavior makes the platoon recover from these causes of impairments.

Dealing With Heterogeneous 3D MR Knee Images: A Federated Few-Shot Learning Method With Dual Knowledge Distillation

1 code implementation25 Mar 2023 Xiaoxiao He, Chaowei Tan, Bo Liu, Liping Si, Weiwu Yao, Liang Zhao, Di Liu, Qilong Zhangli, Qi Chang, Kang Li, Dimitris N. Metaxas

The supervised learning of the proposed method extracts features from limited labeled data in each client, while the unsupervised data is used to distill both feature and response-based knowledge from a national data repository to further improve the accuracy of the collaborative model and reduce the communication cost.

Federated Learning Few-Shot Learning +1

Improving Generalization with Domain Convex Game

1 code implementation CVPR 2023 Fangrui Lv, Jian Liang, Shuang Li, Jinming Zhang, Di Liu

A classical solution to DG is domain augmentation, the common belief of which is that diversifying source domains will be conducive to the out-of-distribution generalization.

Diversity Domain Generalization +1

Steering Prototypes with Prompt-tuning for Rehearsal-free Continual Learning

2 code implementations16 Mar 2023 Zhuowei Li, Long Zhao, Zizhao Zhang, Han Zhang, Di Liu, Ting Liu, Dimitris N. Metaxas

In the context of continual learning, prototypes-as representative class embeddings-offer advantages in memory conservation and the mitigation of catastrophic forgetting.

class-incremental learning Class Incremental Learning +2

Biomedical image analysis competitions: The state of current participation practice

no code implementations16 Dec 2022 Matthias Eisenmann, Annika Reinke, Vivienn Weru, Minu Dietlinde Tizabi, Fabian Isensee, Tim J. Adler, Patrick Godau, Veronika Cheplygina, Michal Kozubek, Sharib Ali, Anubha Gupta, Jan Kybic, Alison Noble, Carlos Ortiz de Solórzano, Samiksha Pachade, Caroline Petitjean, Daniel Sage, Donglai Wei, Elizabeth Wilden, Deepak Alapatt, Vincent Andrearczyk, Ujjwal Baid, Spyridon Bakas, Niranjan Balu, Sophia Bano, Vivek Singh Bawa, Jorge Bernal, Sebastian Bodenstedt, Alessandro Casella, Jinwook Choi, Olivier Commowick, Marie Daum, Adrien Depeursinge, Reuben Dorent, Jan Egger, Hannah Eichhorn, Sandy Engelhardt, Melanie Ganz, Gabriel Girard, Lasse Hansen, Mattias Heinrich, Nicholas Heller, Alessa Hering, Arnaud Huaulmé, Hyunjeong Kim, Bennett Landman, Hongwei Bran Li, Jianning Li, Jun Ma, Anne Martel, Carlos Martín-Isla, Bjoern Menze, Chinedu Innocent Nwoye, Valentin Oreiller, Nicolas Padoy, Sarthak Pati, Kelly Payette, Carole Sudre, Kimberlin Van Wijnen, Armine Vardazaryan, Tom Vercauteren, Martin Wagner, Chuanbo Wang, Moi Hoon Yap, Zeyun Yu, Chun Yuan, Maximilian Zenk, Aneeq Zia, David Zimmerer, Rina Bao, Chanyeol Choi, Andrew Cohen, Oleh Dzyubachyk, Adrian Galdran, Tianyuan Gan, Tianqi Guo, Pradyumna Gupta, Mahmood Haithami, Edward Ho, Ikbeom Jang, Zhili Li, Zhengbo Luo, Filip Lux, Sokratis Makrogiannis, Dominik Müller, Young-tack Oh, Subeen Pang, Constantin Pape, Gorkem Polat, Charlotte Rosalie Reed, Kanghyun Ryu, Tim Scherr, Vajira Thambawita, Haoyu Wang, Xinliang Wang, Kele Xu, Hung Yeh, Doyeob Yeo, Yixuan Yuan, Yan Zeng, Xin Zhao, Julian Abbing, Jannes Adam, Nagesh Adluru, Niklas Agethen, Salman Ahmed, Yasmina Al Khalil, Mireia Alenyà, Esa Alhoniemi, Chengyang An, Talha Anwar, Tewodros Weldebirhan Arega, Netanell Avisdris, Dogu Baran Aydogan, Yingbin Bai, Maria Baldeon Calisto, Berke Doga Basaran, Marcel Beetz, Cheng Bian, Hao Bian, Kevin Blansit, Louise Bloch, Robert Bohnsack, Sara Bosticardo, Jack Breen, Mikael Brudfors, Raphael Brüngel, Mariano Cabezas, Alberto Cacciola, Zhiwei Chen, Yucong Chen, Daniel Tianming Chen, Minjeong Cho, Min-Kook Choi, Chuantao Xie Chuantao Xie, Dana Cobzas, Julien Cohen-Adad, Jorge Corral Acero, Sujit Kumar Das, Marcela de Oliveira, Hanqiu Deng, Guiming Dong, Lars Doorenbos, Cory Efird, Sergio Escalera, Di Fan, Mehdi Fatan Serj, Alexandre Fenneteau, Lucas Fidon, Patryk Filipiak, René Finzel, Nuno R. Freitas, Christoph M. Friedrich, Mitchell Fulton, Finn Gaida, Francesco Galati, Christoforos Galazis, Chang Hee Gan, Zheyao Gao, Shengbo Gao, Matej Gazda, Beerend Gerats, Neil Getty, Adam Gibicar, Ryan Gifford, Sajan Gohil, Maria Grammatikopoulou, Daniel Grzech, Orhun Güley, Timo Günnemann, Chunxu Guo, Sylvain Guy, Heonjin Ha, Luyi Han, Il Song Han, Ali Hatamizadeh, Tian He, Jimin Heo, Sebastian Hitziger, SeulGi Hong, Seungbum Hong, Rian Huang, Ziyan Huang, Markus Huellebrand, Stephan Huschauer, Mustaffa Hussain, Tomoo Inubushi, Ece Isik Polat, Mojtaba Jafaritadi, SeongHun Jeong, Bailiang Jian, Yuanhong Jiang, Zhifan Jiang, Yueming Jin, Smriti Joshi, Abdolrahim Kadkhodamohammadi, Reda Abdellah Kamraoui, Inha Kang, Junghwa Kang, Davood Karimi, April Khademi, Muhammad Irfan Khan, Suleiman A. Khan, Rishab Khantwal, Kwang-Ju Kim, Timothy Kline, Satoshi Kondo, Elina Kontio, Adrian Krenzer, Artem Kroviakov, Hugo Kuijf, Satyadwyoom Kumar, Francesco La Rosa, Abhi Lad, Doohee Lee, Minho Lee, Chiara Lena, Hao Li, Ling Li, Xingyu Li, Fuyuan Liao, Kuanlun Liao, Arlindo Limede Oliveira, Chaonan Lin, Shan Lin, Akis Linardos, Marius George Linguraru, Han Liu, Tao Liu, Di Liu, Yanling Liu, João Lourenço-Silva, Jingpei Lu, Jiangshan Lu, Imanol Luengo, Christina B. Lund, Huan Minh Luu, Yi Lv, Uzay Macar, Leon Maechler, Sina Mansour L., Kenji Marshall, Moona Mazher, Richard McKinley, Alfonso Medela, Felix Meissen, Mingyuan Meng, Dylan Miller, Seyed Hossein Mirjahanmardi, Arnab Mishra, Samir Mitha, Hassan Mohy-ud-Din, Tony Chi Wing Mok, Gowtham Krishnan Murugesan, Enamundram Naga Karthik, Sahil Nalawade, Jakub Nalepa, Mohamed Naser, Ramin Nateghi, Hammad Naveed, Quang-Minh Nguyen, Cuong Nguyen Quoc, Brennan Nichyporuk, Bruno Oliveira, David Owen, Jimut Bahan Pal, Junwen Pan, Wentao Pan, Winnie Pang, Bogyu Park, Vivek Pawar, Kamlesh Pawar, Michael Peven, Lena Philipp, Tomasz Pieciak, Szymon Plotka, Marcel Plutat, Fattaneh Pourakpour, Domen Preložnik, Kumaradevan Punithakumar, Abdul Qayyum, Sandro Queirós, Arman Rahmim, Salar Razavi, Jintao Ren, Mina Rezaei, Jonathan Adam Rico, ZunHyan Rieu, Markus Rink, Johannes Roth, Yusely Ruiz-Gonzalez, Numan Saeed, Anindo Saha, Mostafa Salem, Ricardo Sanchez-Matilla, Kurt Schilling, Wei Shao, Zhiqiang Shen, Ruize Shi, Pengcheng Shi, Daniel Sobotka, Théodore Soulier, Bella Specktor Fadida, Danail Stoyanov, Timothy Sum Hon Mun, Xiaowu Sun, Rong Tao, Franz Thaler, Antoine Théberge, Felix Thielke, Helena Torres, Kareem A. Wahid, Jiacheng Wang, Yifei Wang, Wei Wang, Xiong Wang, Jianhui Wen, Ning Wen, Marek Wodzinski, Ye Wu, Fangfang Xia, Tianqi Xiang, Chen Xiaofei, Lizhan Xu, Tingting Xue, Yuxuan Yang, Lin Yang, Kai Yao, Huifeng Yao, Amirsaeed Yazdani, Michael Yip, Hwanseung Yoo, Fereshteh Yousefirizi, Shunkai Yu, Lei Yu, Jonathan Zamora, Ramy Ashraf Zeineldin, Dewen Zeng, Jianpeng Zhang, Bokai Zhang, Jiapeng Zhang, Fan Zhang, Huahong Zhang, Zhongchen Zhao, Zixuan Zhao, Jiachen Zhao, Can Zhao, Qingshuo Zheng, Yuheng Zhi, Ziqi Zhou, Baosheng Zou, Klaus Maier-Hein, Paul F. Jäger, Annette Kopp-Schneider, Lena Maier-Hein

Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures.

Benchmarking Survey

You Only Search Once: On Lightweight Differentiable Architecture Search for Resource-Constrained Embedded Platforms

1 code implementation30 Aug 2022 Xiangzhong Luo, Di Liu, Hao Kong, Shuo Huai, Hui Chen, Weichen Liu

Benefiting from the search efficiency, differentiable neural architecture search (NAS) has evolved as the most dominant alternative to automatically design competitive deep neural networks (DNNs).

Neural Architecture Search

DeepRecon: Joint 2D Cardiac Segmentation and 3D Volume Reconstruction via A Structure-Specific Generative Method

no code implementations14 Jun 2022 Qi Chang, Zhennan Yan, Mu Zhou, Di Liu, Khalid Sawalha, Meng Ye, Qilong Zhangli, Mikael Kanski, Subhi Al Aref, Leon Axel, Dimitris Metaxas

Joint 2D cardiac segmentation and 3D volume reconstruction are fundamental to building statistical cardiac anatomy models and understanding functional mechanisms from motion patterns.

3D Reconstruction 3D Shape Reconstruction +5

Multi-scale frequency separation network for image deblurring

no code implementations1 Jun 2022 Yanni Zhang, Qiang Li, Miao Qi, Di Liu, Jun Kong, Jianzhong Wang

MSFS-Net introduces the frequency separation module (FSM) into an encoder-decoder network architecture to capture the low- and high-frequency information of image at multiple scales.

Contrastive Learning Deblurring +2

Causality Inspired Representation Learning for Domain Generalization

1 code implementation CVPR 2022 Fangrui Lv, Jian Liang, Shuang Li, Bin Zang, Chi Harold Liu, Ziteng Wang, Di Liu

Specifically, we assume that each input is constructed from a mix of causal factors (whose relationship with the label is invariant across domains) and non-causal factors (category-independent), and only the former cause the classification judgments.

Domain Generalization Representation Learning

Improving Robustness of Convolutional Neural Networks Using Element-Wise Activation Scaling

1 code implementation24 Feb 2022 Zhi-Yuan Zhang, Di Liu

Recent works reveal that re-calibrating the intermediate activation of adversarial examples can improve the adversarial robustness of a CNN model.

Adversarial Robustness

Pareto Domain Adaptation

1 code implementation NeurIPS 2021 Fangrui Lv, Jian Liang, Kaixiong Gong, Shuang Li, Chi Harold Liu, Han Li, Di Liu, Guoren Wang

Domain adaptation (DA) attempts to transfer the knowledge from a labeled source domain to an unlabeled target domain that follows different distribution from the source.

Domain Adaptation Image Classification +2

Incentive Compatible Pareto Alignment for Multi-Source Large Graphs

1 code implementation6 Dec 2021 Jian Liang, Fangrui Lv, Di Liu, Zehui Dai, Xu Tian, Shuang Li, Fei Wang, Han Li

Challenges of the problem include 1) how to align large-scale entities between sources to share information and 2) how to mitigate negative transfer from joint learning multi-source data.

Scalable Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Residential Load Scheduling under Data Governance

no code implementations6 Oct 2021 Zhaoming Qin, Nanqing Dong, Di Liu, Zhefan Wang, Junwei Cao

As a data-driven approach, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made remarkable advances in solving cooperative residential load scheduling problems.

Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Privacy Preserving +2

HSCoNAS: Hardware-Software Co-Design of Efficient DNNs via Neural Architecture Search

no code implementations11 Mar 2021 Xiangzhong Luo, Di Liu, Shuo Huai, Weichen Liu

In this paper, we present a novel multi-objective hardware-aware neural architecture search (NAS) framework, namely HSCoNAS, to automate the design of deep neural networks (DNNs) with high accuracy but low latency upon target hardware.

Hardware Aware Neural Architecture Search Neural Architecture Search

A zero density estimate and fractional imaginary parts of zeros for $\mathrm{GL}_2$ $L$-functions

no code implementations2 Mar 2021 Olivia Beckwith, Di Liu, Jesse Thorner, Alexandru Zaharescu

We prove an analogue of Selberg's zero density estimate for $\zeta(s)$ that holds for any $\mathrm{GL}_2$ $L$-function.

Number Theory

Forbidden Dark Matter Annihilations into Standard Model Particles

no code implementations22 Dec 2020 Raffaele Tito D'Agnolo, Di Liu, Joshua T. Ruderman, Po-Jen Wang

We present kinematically forbidden dark matter annihilations into Standard Model leptons.

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology

Bringing AI To Edge: From Deep Learning's Perspective

no code implementations25 Nov 2020 Di Liu, Hao Kong, Xiangzhong Luo, Weichen Liu, Ravi Subramaniam

To bridge the gap, a plethora of deep learning techniques and optimization methods are proposed in the past years: light-weight deep learning models, network compression, and efficient neural architecture search.

Deep Learning Edge-computing +3

Identifying Transition States of Chemical Kinetic Systems using Network Embedding Techniques

no code implementations29 Oct 2020 Paula Mercurio, Di Liu

Using random walk sampling methods for feature learning on networks, we develop a method for generating low-dimensional node embeddings for directed graphs and identifying transition states of stochastic chemical reacting systems.

Dimensionality Reduction Network Embedding

The Function Transformation Omics - Funomics

no code implementations17 Aug 2018 Yongshuai Jiang, Jing Xu, Simeng Hu, Di Liu, Linna Zhao, Xu Zhou

Function transformation, such as f(x, y) and f(x, y, z), can transform two, three, or multiple input/observation variables (in biology, it generally refers to the observed/measured value of biomarkers, biological characteristics, or other indicators) into a new output variable (new characteristics or indicators).

Math

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