no code implementations • 27 Aug 2023 • Guankun Wang, Long Bai, Yanan Wu, Tong Chen, Hongliang Ren
More seriously, data privacy and storage issues may lead to the unavailability of old data when updating the model.
no code implementations • 14 Aug 2023 • An Wang, Mobarakol Islam, Mengya Xu, Yang Zhang, Hongliang Ren
Our extensive evaluation results reveal that although SAM shows remarkable zero-shot generalization ability with bounding box prompts, it struggles to segment the whole instrument with point-based prompts and unprompted settings.
1 code implementation • 5 Aug 2023 • Tianhang Liu, Hechen Li, Long Bai, Yanan Wu, An Wang, Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren
This paper proposes a transformer-based landmark detection solution with deformable DeTR and the semantic-aligned-matching module for detecting landmarks in robot-assisted intubation.
no code implementations • 5 Aug 2023 • Hechen Li, Yanan Wu, Long Bai, An Wang, Tong Chen, Hongliang Ren
Notably, we develop the segmentation annotations for this dataset ourselves.
1 code implementation • 22 Jul 2023 • Long Bai, Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren
We further establish a CL framework on three public surgical datasets in the context of surgical settings that consist of overlapping classes between old and new surgical VQLA tasks.
no code implementations • 20 Jul 2023 • Anita Rau, Sophia Bano, Yueming Jin, Pablo Azagra, Javier Morlana, Edward Sanderson, Bogdan J. Matuszewski, Jae Young Lee, Dong-Jae Lee, Erez Posner, Netanel Frank, Varshini Elangovan, Sista Raviteja, Zhengwen Li, Jiquan Liu, Seenivasan Lalithkumar, Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren, José M. M. Montiel, Danail Stoyanov
We show that depth prediction in virtual colonoscopy is robustly solvable, while pose estimation remains an open research question.
1 code implementation • 12 Jul 2023 • Beilei Cui, Minqing Zhang, Mengya Xu, An Wang, Wu Yuan, Hongliang Ren
Therefore, Temporal Feature Affinity Learning (TFAL) is devised to indicate possible noisy labels by evaluating the affinity between pixels in two adjacent frames.
1 code implementation • 11 Jul 2023 • Long Bai, Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren
Therefore, a surgical Visual Question Localized-Answering (VQLA) system would be helpful for medical students and junior surgeons to learn and understand from recorded surgical videos.
1 code implementation • 5 Jul 2023 • Long Bai, Tong Chen, Yanan Wu, An Wang, Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren
Given the exuberant development of the denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM) in computer vision, we introduce a WCE LLIE framework based on the multi-scale convolutional neural network (CNN) and reverse diffusion process.
1 code implementation • 28 Jun 2023 • An Wang, Mobarakol Islam, Mengya Xu, Hongliang Ren
In this work, we mitigate data-related issues by efficiently leveraging minimal source images to generate synthetic surgical instrument segmentation datasets and achieve outstanding generalization performance on unseen real domains.
1 code implementation • 6 Jun 2023 • An Wang, Mobarakol Islam, Mengya Xu, Hongliang Ren
Accurate and robust medical image segmentation is fundamental and crucial for enhancing the autonomy of computer-aided diagnosis and intervention systems.
1 code implementation • 1 Jun 2023 • An Wang, Mengya Xu, Yang Zhang, Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren
Furthermore, to produce reliable mixed pseudo labels, which enhance the effectiveness of ensemble learning, we introduce a novel adaptive pixel-wise fusion technique based on the entropy guidance from the spatial and spectral branches.
1 code implementation • 19 May 2023 • Long Bai, Mobarakol Islam, Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Hongliang Ren
In this paper, we propose Visual Question Localized-Answering in Robotic Surgery (Surgical-VQLA) to localize the specific surgical area during the answer prediction.
no code implementations • 19 May 2023 • Guankun Wang, Tian-Ao Ren, JIEWEN LAI, Long Bai, Hongliang Ren
Robotic-assisted tracheal intubation requires the robot to distinguish anatomical features like an experienced physician using deep-learning techniques.
1 code implementation • 18 May 2023 • Guankun Wang, Tian-Ao Ren, JIEWEN LAI, Long Bai, Hongliang Ren
In this work, we propose a domain adaptive Sim-to-Real framework called IoU-Ranking Blend-ArtFlow (IRB-AF) for image segmentation of oropharyngeal organs.
no code implementations • 11 May 2023 • Aneeq Zia, Kiran Bhattacharyya, Xi Liu, Max Berniker, Ziheng Wang, Rogerio Nespolo, Satoshi Kondo, Satoshi Kasai, Kousuke Hirasawa, Bo Liu, David Austin, Yiheng Wang, Michal Futrega, Jean-Francois Puget, Zhenqiang Li, Yoichi Sato, Ryo Fujii, Ryo Hachiuma, Mana Masuda, Hideo Saito, An Wang, Mengya Xu, Mobarakol Islam, Long Bai, Winnie Pang, Hongliang Ren, Chinedu Nwoye, Luca Sestini, Nicolas Padoy, Maximilian Nielsen, Samuel Schüttler, Thilo Sentker, Hümeyra Husseini, Ivo Baltruschat, Rüdiger Schmitz, René Werner, Aleksandr Matsun, Mugariya Farooq, Numan Saaed, Jose Renato Restom Viera, Mohammad Yaqub, Neil Getty, Fangfang Xia, Zixuan Zhao, Xiaotian Duan, Xing Yao, Ange Lou, Hao Yang, Jintong Han, Jack Noble, Jie Ying Wu, Tamer Abdulbaki Alshirbaji, Nour Aldeen Jalal, Herag Arabian, Ning Ding, Knut Moeller, Weiliang Chen, Quan He, Muhammad Bilal, Taofeek Akinosho, Adnan Qayyum, Massimo Caputo, Hunaid Vohra, Michael Loizou, Anuoluwapo Ajayi, Ilhem Berrou, Faatihah Niyi-Odumosu, Lena Maier-Hein, Danail Stoyanov, Stefanie Speidel, Anthony Jarc
Unfortunately, obtaining the annotations needed to train machine learning models to identify and localize surgical tools is a difficult task.
no code implementations • 28 Apr 2023 • An Wang, Mobarakol Islam, Mengya Xu, Yang Zhang, Hongliang Ren
In this empirical study, we investigate the robustness and zero-shot generalizability of the SAM in the domain of robotic surgery in various settings of (i) prompted vs. unprompted; (ii) bounding box vs. points-based prompt; (iii) generalization under corruptions and perturbations with five severity levels; and (iv) state-of-the-art supervised model vs. SAM.
1 code implementation • 19 Apr 2023 • Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Mobarakol Islam, Gokul Kannan, Hongliang Ren
Given the limitations of unidirectional attention in GPT models and their ability to generate coherent long paragraphs, we carefully sequence the word tokens before vision tokens, mimicking the human thought process of understanding the question to infer an answer from an image.
1 code implementation • 2 Feb 2023 • Mobarakol Islam, Lalithkumar Seenivasan, S. P. Sharan, V. K. Viekash, Bhavesh Gupta, Ben Glocker, Hongliang Ren
Purpose: In curriculum learning, the idea is to train on easier samples first and gradually increase the difficulty, while in self-paced learning, a pacing function defines the speed to adapt the training progress.
1 code implementation • 22 Dec 2022 • Mengya Xu, Mobarakol Islam, Ben Glocker, Hongliang Ren
In this work, we design a paced curriculum by label smoothing (P-CBLS) using paced learning with uniform label smoothing (ULS) for classification tasks and fuse uniform and spatially varying label smoothing (SVLS) for semantic segmentation tasks in a curriculum manner.
1 code implementation • 15 Dec 2022 • Yanan Wu, Shuiqing Zhao, Shouliang Qi, Jie Feng, Haowen Pang, Runsheng Chang, Long Bai, Mengqi Li, Shuyue Xia, Wei Qian, Hongliang Ren
In the first stage, the total airway mask and CT images are provided to the subnetwork, and the intrapulmonary airway mask and corresponding CT scans to the subnetwork in the second stage.
1 code implementation • 28 Nov 2022 • Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Mobarakol Islam, Mengya Xu, Chwee Ming Lim, Hongliang Ren
Conclusion: The proposed multi-task model was able to adapt to domain shifts, incorporate novel instruments in the target domain, and perform tool-tissue interaction detection and report generation on par with single-task models.
1 code implementation • IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 2022 • Huxin Gao, Weichen Fan, Liang Qiu, Xiaoxiao Yang, Zhen Li, Xiuli Zuo, Yanqing Li, Max Q-H Meng, Hongliang Ren
Finally, the simulation results show that the SAVAnet can endow endoscope with surgeons’ visual attention to perform self-control in real time.
1 code implementation • 30 Jun 2022 • Mengya Xu, Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren
Surgical captioning plays an important role in surgical instruction prediction and report generation.
2 code implementations • 23 Jun 2022 • An Wang, Mobarakol Islam, Mengya Xu, Hongliang Ren
Our empirical analysis suggests that without the high cost of data collection and annotation, we can achieve decent surgical instrument segmentation performance.
2 code implementations • 22 Jun 2022 • Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Mobarakol Islam, Adithya K Krishna, Hongliang Ren
This overload often limits their time answering questionnaires from patients, medical students or junior residents related to surgical procedures.
no code implementations • 23 Apr 2022 • Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren
We deal with this problem by selecting an equal number of pixels for all the classes in sampling time.
no code implementations • 11 Apr 2022 • Mobarakol Islam, N Rajiv Vaidyanathan, V Jeya Maria Jose, Hongliang Ren
Training a segmentation network along with an adversarial network can detect and correct higher order inconsistencies between the segmentation maps produced by ground-truth and the Segmentor.
6 code implementations • 10 Apr 2022 • Chinedu Innocent Nwoye, Deepak Alapatt, Tong Yu, Armine Vardazaryan, Fangfang Xia, Zixuan Zhao, Tong Xia, Fucang Jia, Yuxuan Yang, Hao Wang, Derong Yu, Guoyan Zheng, Xiaotian Duan, Neil Getty, Ricardo Sanchez-Matilla, Maria Robu, Li Zhang, Huabin Chen, Jiacheng Wang, Liansheng Wang, Bokai Zhang, Beerend Gerats, Sista Raviteja, Rachana Sathish, Rong Tao, Satoshi Kondo, Winnie Pang, Hongliang Ren, Julian Ronald Abbing, Mohammad Hasan Sarhan, Sebastian Bodenstedt, Nithya Bhasker, Bruno Oliveira, Helena R. Torres, Li Ling, Finn Gaida, Tobias Czempiel, João L. Vilaça, Pedro Morais, Jaime Fonseca, Ruby Mae Egging, Inge Nicole Wijma, Chen Qian, GuiBin Bian, Zhen Li, Velmurugan Balasubramanian, Debdoot Sheet, Imanol Luengo, Yuanbo Zhu, Shuai Ding, Jakob-Anton Aschenbrenner, Nicolas Elini van der Kar, Mengya Xu, Mobarakol Islam, Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Alexander Jenke, Danail Stoyanov, Didier Mutter, Pietro Mascagni, Barbara Seeliger, Cristians Gonzalez, Nicolas Padoy
In this paper, we present the challenge setup and assessment of the state-of-the-art deep learning methods proposed by the participants during the challenge.
Ranked #1 on
Action Triplet Recognition
on CholecT50 (Challenge)
(using extra training data)
2 code implementations • 28 Jan 2022 • Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Sai Mitheran, Mobarakol Islam, Hongliang Ren
Global and local relational reasoning enable scene understanding models to perform human-like scene analysis and understanding.
1 code implementation • 10 Dec 2021 • Mobarakol Islam, Vibashan VS, Chwee Ming Lim, Hongliang Ren
We generate the task-aware saliency maps and scanpath of the instruments on the dataset of the MICCAI 2017 robotic instrument segmentation challenge.
1 code implementation • 11 Sep 2021 • Mobarakol Islam, Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Hongliang Ren, Ben Glocker
In CDA-TS, the scalar temperature value is replaced with the CDA temperature vector encoded with class frequency to compensate for the over-confidence.
1 code implementation • 23 Jul 2021 • Mengya Xu, Mobarakol Islam, Chwee Ming Lim, Hongliang Ren
To adapt incremental classes and extract domain invariant features, a class-incremental (CI) learning method with supervised contrastive (SupCon) loss is incorporated with a feature extractor.
no code implementations • 2 Apr 2021 • Mobarakol Islam, V Jeya Maria Jose, Hongliang Ren
In this paper, we exploit a convolutional neural network (CNN) with hypercolumn technique to segment tumor from healthy brain tissue.
1 code implementation • 2 Apr 2021 • Mobarakol Islam, Vibashan VS, V Jeya Maria Jose, Navodini Wijethilake, Uppal Utkarsh, Hongliang Ren
For survival prediction, we extract some novel radiomic features based on geometry, location, the shape of the segmented tumor and combine them with clinical information to estimate the survival duration for each patient.
1 code implementation • 17 Mar 2021 • Mobarakol Islam, Navodini Wijethilake, Hongliang Ren
The proposed approaches are evaluated by comparative experiments with state-of-the-art models in synthesis, segmentation, and overall survival (OS) prediction.
no code implementations • 27 Oct 2020 • Navodini Wijethilake, Mobarakol Islam, Dulani Meedeniya, Charith Chitraranjan, Indika Perera, Hongliang Ren
Glioblastoma is the most malignant type of central nervous system tumor with GBM subtypes cleaved based on molecular level gene alterations.
1 code implementation • 22 Jul 2020 • Mobarakol Islam, Daniel A. Atputharuban, Ravikiran Ramesh, Hongliang Ren
Real-time semantic segmentation of the robotic instruments and tissues is a crucial step in robot-assisted surgery.
2 code implementations • 7 Jul 2020 • Mobarakol Islam, Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Lim Chwee Ming, Hongliang Ren
Learning to infer graph representations and performing spatial reasoning in a complex surgical environment can play a vital role in surgical scene understanding in robotic surgery.
1 code implementation • 10 Mar 2020 • Mobarakol Islam, Vibashan VS, Hongliang Ren
Training a real-time robotic system for the detection and segmentation of high-resolution images provides a challenging problem with the limited computational resource.
1 code implementation • 29 Jun 2019 • Mobarakol Islam, Yueyuan Li, Hongliang Ren
For this purpose, we propose an end-to-end trainable multitask learning (MTL) model for real-time surgical instrument segmentation and attention prediction.
1 code implementation • 5 Nov 2018 • Spyridon Bakas, Mauricio Reyes, Andras Jakab, Stefan Bauer, Markus Rempfler, Alessandro Crimi, Russell Takeshi Shinohara, Christoph Berger, Sung Min Ha, Martin Rozycki, Marcel Prastawa, Esther Alberts, Jana Lipkova, John Freymann, Justin Kirby, Michel Bilello, Hassan Fathallah-Shaykh, Roland Wiest, Jan Kirschke, Benedikt Wiestler, Rivka Colen, Aikaterini Kotrotsou, Pamela Lamontagne, Daniel Marcus, Mikhail Milchenko, Arash Nazeri, Marc-Andre Weber, Abhishek Mahajan, Ujjwal Baid, Elizabeth Gerstner, Dongjin Kwon, Gagan Acharya, Manu Agarwal, Mahbubul Alam, Alberto Albiol, Antonio Albiol, Francisco J. Albiol, Varghese Alex, Nigel Allinson, Pedro H. A. Amorim, Abhijit Amrutkar, Ganesh Anand, Simon Andermatt, Tal Arbel, Pablo Arbelaez, Aaron Avery, Muneeza Azmat, Pranjal B., W Bai, Subhashis Banerjee, Bill Barth, Thomas Batchelder, Kayhan Batmanghelich, Enzo Battistella, Andrew Beers, Mikhail Belyaev, Martin Bendszus, Eze Benson, Jose Bernal, Halandur Nagaraja Bharath, George Biros, Sotirios Bisdas, James Brown, Mariano Cabezas, Shilei Cao, Jorge M. Cardoso, Eric N Carver, Adrià Casamitjana, Laura Silvana Castillo, Marcel Catà, Philippe Cattin, Albert Cerigues, Vinicius S. Chagas, Siddhartha Chandra, Yi-Ju Chang, Shiyu Chang, Ken Chang, Joseph Chazalon, Shengcong Chen, Wei Chen, Jefferson W. Chen, Zhaolin Chen, Kun Cheng, Ahana Roy Choudhury, Roger Chylla, Albert Clérigues, Steven Colleman, Ramiro German Rodriguez Colmeiro, Marc Combalia, Anthony Costa, Xiaomeng Cui, Zhenzhen Dai, Lutao Dai, Laura Alexandra Daza, Eric Deutsch, Changxing Ding, Chao Dong, Shidu Dong, Wojciech Dudzik, Zach Eaton-Rosen, Gary Egan, Guilherme Escudero, Théo Estienne, Richard Everson, Jonathan Fabrizio, Yong Fan, Longwei Fang, Xue Feng, Enzo Ferrante, Lucas Fidon, Martin Fischer, Andrew P. French, Naomi Fridman, Huan Fu, David Fuentes, Yaozong Gao, Evan Gates, David Gering, Amir Gholami, Willi Gierke, Ben Glocker, Mingming Gong, Sandra González-Villá, T. Grosges, Yuanfang Guan, Sheng Guo, Sudeep Gupta, Woo-Sup Han, Il Song Han, Konstantin Harmuth, Huiguang He, Aura Hernández-Sabaté, Evelyn Herrmann, Naveen Himthani, Winston Hsu, Cheyu Hsu, Xiaojun Hu, Xiaobin Hu, Yan Hu, Yifan Hu, Rui Hua, Teng-Yi Huang, Weilin Huang, Sabine Van Huffel, Quan Huo, Vivek HV, Khan M. Iftekharuddin, Fabian Isensee, Mobarakol Islam, Aaron S. Jackson, Sachin R. Jambawalikar, Andrew Jesson, Weijian Jian, Peter Jin, V Jeya Maria Jose, Alain Jungo, B Kainz, Konstantinos Kamnitsas, Po-Yu Kao, Ayush Karnawat, Thomas Kellermeier, Adel Kermi, Kurt Keutzer, Mohamed Tarek Khadir, Mahendra Khened, Philipp Kickingereder, Geena Kim, Nik King, Haley Knapp, Urspeter Knecht, Lisa Kohli, Deren Kong, Xiangmao Kong, Simon Koppers, Avinash Kori, Ganapathy Krishnamurthi, Egor Krivov, Piyush Kumar, Kaisar Kushibar, Dmitrii Lachinov, Tryphon Lambrou, Joon Lee, Chengen Lee, Yuehchou Lee, M Lee, Szidonia Lefkovits, Laszlo Lefkovits, James Levitt, Tengfei Li, Hongwei Li, Hongyang Li, Xiaochuan Li, Yuexiang Li, Heng Li, Zhenye Li, Xiaoyu Li, Zeju Li, Xiaogang Li, Wenqi Li, Zheng-Shen Lin, Fengming Lin, Pietro Lio, Chang Liu, Boqiang Liu, Xiang Liu, Mingyuan Liu, Ju Liu, Luyan Liu, Xavier Llado, Marc Moreno Lopez, Pablo Ribalta Lorenzo, Zhentai Lu, Lin Luo, Zhigang Luo, Jun Ma, Kai Ma, Thomas Mackie, Anant Madabushi, Issam Mahmoudi, Klaus H. Maier-Hein, Pradipta Maji, CP Mammen, Andreas Mang, B. S. Manjunath, Michal Marcinkiewicz, S McDonagh, Stephen McKenna, Richard McKinley, Miriam Mehl, Sachin Mehta, Raghav Mehta, Raphael Meier, Christoph Meinel, Dorit Merhof, Craig Meyer, Robert Miller, Sushmita Mitra, Aliasgar Moiyadi, David Molina-Garcia, Miguel A. B. Monteiro, Grzegorz Mrukwa, Andriy Myronenko, Jakub Nalepa, Thuyen Ngo, Dong Nie, Holly Ning, Chen Niu, Nicholas K Nuechterlein, Eric Oermann, Arlindo Oliveira, Diego D. C. Oliveira, Arnau Oliver, Alexander F. I. Osman, Yu-Nian Ou, Sebastien Ourselin, Nikos Paragios, Moo Sung Park, Brad Paschke, J. Gregory Pauloski, Kamlesh Pawar, Nick Pawlowski, Linmin Pei, Suting Peng, Silvio M. Pereira, Julian Perez-Beteta, Victor M. Perez-Garcia, Simon Pezold, Bao Pham, Ashish Phophalia, Gemma Piella, G. N. Pillai, Marie Piraud, Maxim Pisov, Anmol Popli, Michael P. Pound, Reza Pourreza, Prateek Prasanna, Vesna Prkovska, Tony P. Pridmore, Santi Puch, Élodie Puybareau, Buyue Qian, Xu Qiao, Martin Rajchl, Swapnil Rane, Michael Rebsamen, Hongliang Ren, Xuhua Ren, Karthik Revanuru, Mina Rezaei, Oliver Rippel, Luis Carlos Rivera, Charlotte Robert, Bruce Rosen, Daniel Rueckert, Mohammed Safwan, Mostafa Salem, Joaquim Salvi, Irina Sanchez, Irina Sánchez, Heitor M. Santos, Emmett Sartor, Dawid Schellingerhout, Klaudius Scheufele, Matthew R. Scott, Artur A. Scussel, Sara Sedlar, Juan Pablo Serrano-Rubio, N. Jon Shah, Nameetha Shah, Mazhar Shaikh, B. Uma Shankar, Zeina Shboul, Haipeng Shen, Dinggang Shen, Linlin Shen, Haocheng Shen, Varun Shenoy, Feng Shi, Hyung Eun Shin, Hai Shu, Diana Sima, M Sinclair, Orjan Smedby, James M. Snyder, Mohammadreza Soltaninejad, Guidong Song, Mehul Soni, Jean Stawiaski, Shashank Subramanian, Li Sun, Roger Sun, Jiawei Sun, Kay Sun, Yu Sun, Guoxia Sun, Shuang Sun, Yannick R Suter, Laszlo Szilagyi, Sanjay Talbar, DaCheng Tao, Zhongzhao Teng, Siddhesh Thakur, Meenakshi H Thakur, Sameer Tharakan, Pallavi Tiwari, Guillaume Tochon, Tuan Tran, Yuhsiang M. Tsai, Kuan-Lun Tseng, Tran Anh Tuan, Vadim Turlapov, Nicholas Tustison, Maria Vakalopoulou, Sergi Valverde, Rami Vanguri, Evgeny Vasiliev, Jonathan Ventura, Luis Vera, Tom Vercauteren, C. A. Verrastro, Lasitha Vidyaratne, Veronica Vilaplana, Ajeet Vivekanandan, Qian Wang, Chiatse J. Wang, Wei-Chung Wang, Duo Wang, Ruixuan Wang, Yuanyuan Wang, Chunliang Wang, Guotai Wang, Ning Wen, Xin Wen, Leon Weninger, Wolfgang Wick, Shaocheng Wu, Qiang Wu, Yihong Wu, Yong Xia, Yanwu Xu, Xiaowen Xu, Peiyuan Xu, Tsai-Ling Yang, Xiaoping Yang, Hao-Yu Yang, Junlin Yang, Haojin Yang, Guang Yang, Hongdou Yao, Xujiong Ye, Changchang Yin, Brett Young-Moxon, Jinhua Yu, Xiangyu Yue, Songtao Zhang, Angela Zhang, Kun Zhang, Xue-jie Zhang, Lichi Zhang, Xiaoyue Zhang, Yazhuo Zhang, Lei Zhang, Jian-Guo Zhang, Xiang Zhang, Tianhao Zhang, Sicheng Zhao, Yu Zhao, Xiaomei Zhao, Liang Zhao, Yefeng Zheng, Liming Zhong, Chenhong Zhou, Xiaobing Zhou, Fan Zhou, Hongtu Zhu, Jin Zhu, Ying Zhuge, Weiwei Zong, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Keyvan Farahani, Christos Davatzikos, Koen van Leemput, Bjoern Menze
This study assesses the state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) methods used for brain tumor image analysis in mpMRI scans, during the last seven instances of the International Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) challenge, i. e., 2012-2018.