no code implementations • COLING 2022 • Jiazhan Feng, Chongyang Tao, Zhen Li, Chang Liu, Tao Shen, Dongyan Zhao
In this paper, we propose a reciprocal learning approach to jointly optimize a knowledge retriever and a response ranker for knowledge-grounded response retrieval without ground-truth knowledge labels.
1 code implementation • NAACL 2022 • Guangyi Liu, Zichao Yang, Tianhua Tao, Xiaodan Liang, Junwei Bao, Zhen Li, Xiaodong He, Shuguang Cui, Zhiting Hu
Such training objective is sub-optimal when the target sequence is not perfect, e. g., when the target sequence is corrupted with noises, or when only weak sequence supervision is available.
no code implementations • ECCV 2020 • Xu Yan, Weibing Zhao, Kun Yuan, Ruimao Zhang, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui
Recovering realistic textures from a largely down-sampled low resolution (LR) image with complicated patterns is a challenging problem in image super-resolution.
1 code implementation • ICCV 2023 • Yiran Qin, Chaoqun Wang, Zijian Kang, Ningning Ma, Zhen Li, Ruimao Zhang
In this paper, we propose a novel training strategy called SupFusion, which provides an auxiliary feature level supervision for effective LiDAR-Camera fusion and significantly boosts detection performance.
1 code implementation • 3 Sep 2023 • Yuhao Du, Yuncheng Jiang, Shuangyi Tan, Xusheng Wu, Qi Dou, Zhen Li, Guanbin Li, Xiang Wan
Colonoscopy analysis, particularly automatic polyp segmentation and detection, is essential for assisting clinical diagnosis and treatment.
1 code implementation • ICCV 2023 • Yueru Luo, Chaoda Zheng, Xu Yan, Tang Kun, Chao Zheng, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
On the one hand, each query is generated based on 2D lane-aware features and adopts a hybrid embedding to enhance lane information.
Ranked #2 on
3D Lane Detection
on OpenLane
1 code implementation • 20 Jul 2023 • Jun Wei, Yiwen Hu, Shuguang Cui, S. Kevin Zhou, Zhen Li
In contrast, polyp bounding box annotations are much cheaper and more accessible.
no code implementations • 19 Jul 2023 • Wei Jin, Haitao Mao, Zheng Li, Haoming Jiang, Chen Luo, Hongzhi Wen, Haoyu Han, Hanqing Lu, Zhengyang Wang, Ruirui Li, Zhen Li, Monica Xiao Cheng, Rahul Goutam, Haiyang Zhang, Karthik Subbian, Suhang Wang, Yizhou Sun, Jiliang Tang, Bing Yin, Xianfeng Tang
To test the potential of the dataset, we introduce three tasks in this work: (1) next-product recommendation, (2) next-product recommendation with domain shifts, and (3) next-product title generation.
no code implementations • 18 Jul 2023 • Elham Kiyani, Mahdi Kooshkbaghi, Khemraj Shukla, Rahul Babu Koneru, Zhen Li, Luis Bravo, Anindya Ghoshal, George Em Karniadakis, Mikko Karttunen
Subsequently, the closed form dependency of parameter values found by PINN on the initial radii and contact angles are given using symbolic regression.
1 code implementation • ICCV 2023 • Hong Yan, Yang Liu, Yushen Wei, Zhen Li, Guanbin Li, Liang Lin
Moreover, these methods ignore how to utilize the fine-grained dependencies among different skeleton joints to pre-train an efficient skeleton sequence learning model that can generalize well across different datasets.
no code implementations • 6 Jun 2023 • Yuncheng Jiang, Zixun Zhang, Ruimao Zhang, Guanbin Li, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
YONA fully exploits the information of one previous adjacent frame and conducts polyp detection on the current frame without multi-frame collaborations.
no code implementations • 26 May 2023 • Rui Sun, Andi Zhang, Haiming Zhang, Yao Zhu, Ruimao Zhang, Zhen Li
It is widely reported that deep generative models can classify out-of-distribution (OOD) samples as in-distribution with high confidence.
no code implementations • 25 May 2023 • Evgenii Chzhen, Christophe Giraud, Zhen Li, Gilles Stoltz
We consider contextual bandit problems with knapsacks [CBwK], a problem where at each round, a scalar reward is obtained and vector-valued costs are suffered.
no code implementations • 23 May 2023 • Manuel Kunz, Stefan Birr, Mones Raslan, Lei Ma, Zhen Li, Adele Gouttes, Mateusz Koren, Tofigh Naghibi, Johannes Stephan, Mariia Bulycheva, Matthias Grzeschik, Armin Kekić, Michael Narodovitch, Kashif Rasul, Julian Sieber, Tim Januschowski
These include the volume of data, the irregularity, the high amount of turn-over in the catalog and the fixed inventory assumption.
no code implementations • 15 May 2023 • Tianxiang Zhan, Yuanpeng He, Yong Deng, Zhen Li
Thanks to the learnable ability of the neural network, the length of fuzzy rules established in FTSF is expended to an arbitrary length that the expert is not able to handle by the expert system.
no code implementations • 23 Apr 2023 • Xiaozhe Gu, Zixun Zhang, Yuncheng Jiang, Tao Luo, Ruimao Zhang, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
Despite the simplicity, stochastic gradient descent (SGD)-like algorithms are successful in training deep neural networks (DNNs).
no code implementations • 20 Apr 2023 • Hao Zhang, Nianwen Si, Yaqi Chen, Wenlin Zhang, Xukui Yang, Dan Qu, Zhen Li
Existing techniques often attempt to make knowledge transfer from a powerful machine translation (MT) to speech translation (ST) model with some elaborate techniques, which often requires transcription as extra input during training.
1 code implementation • CVPR 2023 • Zhen Li, Zuo-Liang Zhu, Ling-Hao Han, Qibin Hou, Chun-Le Guo, Ming-Ming Cheng
It is based on two essential designs.
no code implementations • CVPR 2023 • Jie Yang, Chaoqun Wang, Zhen Li, Junle Wang, Ruimao Zhang
This paper presents Scalable Semantic Transfer (SST), a novel training paradigm, to explore how to leverage the mutual benefits of the data from different label domains (i. e. various levels of label granularity) to train a powerful human parsing network.
no code implementations • 1 Apr 2023 • Rui Sun, Fengwei Zhou, Zhenhua Dong, Chuanlong Xie, Lanqing Hong, Jiawei Li, Rui Zhang, Zhen Li, Zhenguo Li
By adjusting the perturbation strength in the direction of the paths, our proposed augmentation is controllable and auditable.
no code implementations • 30 Mar 2023 • Minglei Lu, Ali Mohammadi, Zhaoxu Meng, Xuhui Meng, Gang Li, Zhen Li
After an offline training, the DNO model can act as surrogate of physics-based FEA to predict the transient mechanical response in terms of reaction force and stress distribution of the IPCs to various strain loads in one second at an accuracy of 98%.
no code implementations • 21 Mar 2023 • Chaoda Zheng, Xu Yan, Haiming Zhang, Baoyuan Wang, Shenghui Cheng, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
Due to the motion-centric nature, our method shows its impressive generalizability with limited training labels and provides good differentiability for end-to-end cycle training.
1 code implementation • ICCV 2023 • Yupeng Zhou, Zhen Li, Chun-Le Guo, Song Bai, Ming-Ming Cheng, Qibin Hou
Previous works have shown that increasing the window size for Transformer-based image super-resolution models (e. g., SwinIR) can significantly improve the model performance but the computation overhead is also considerable.
1 code implementation • 12 Jan 2023 • Ruifei Zhang, Guanbin Li, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui, Dahong Qian, Yizhou Yu
To tackle these issues, we propose an adaptive context selection based encoder-decoder framework which is composed of Local Context Attention (LCA) module, Global Context Module (GCM) and Adaptive Selection Module (ASM).
1 code implementation • 3 Jan 2023 • Xu Yan, Chaoda Zheng, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui, Dengxin Dai
In this paper, we aim to comprehensively analyze the robustness of LiDAR semantic segmentation models under various corruptions.
no code implementations • CVPR 2023 • Chuanhao Li, Zhen Li, Chenchen Jing, Yunde Jia, Yuwei Wu
Compositional generalization is critical to simulate the compositional capability of humans, and has received much attention in the vision-and-language (V&L) community.
no code implementations • CVPR 2023 • Wending Zhou, Xu Yan, Yinghong Liao, Yuankai Lin, Jin Huang, Gangming Zhao, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
In practice, the proposed BEV@DC model comprehensively takes advantage of LiDARs with rich geometric details in training, employing an enhanced depth completion manner in inference, which takes only images (RGB and depth) as input.
no code implementations • CVPR 2023 • ZiHao Wang, Chunxu Wu, Yifei Yang, Zhen Li
The task of key-points detection and description is to estimate the stable location and discriminative representation of local features, which is essential for image matching.
no code implementations • ICCV 2023 • Ziyi Zhang, Weikai Chen, Chaowei Fang, Zhen Li, Lechao Chen, Liang Lin, Guanbin Li
Confidence-wise, we propose a novel sample selection strategy based on confidence representation voting instead of the widely-used small-loss criterion.
1 code implementation • CVPR 2023 • Xin Jin, Ling-Hao Han, Zhen Li, Chun-Le Guo, Zhi Chai, Chongyi Li
The exclusive properties of RAW data have shown great potential for low-light image enhancement.
no code implementations • 11 Dec 2022 • Yuan Lan, Zhen Li, Jie Sun, Yang Xiang
Deep neural networks (DNNs) recently emerged as a promising tool for analyzing and solving complex differential equations arising in science and engineering applications.
no code implementations • 7 Dec 2022 • Jun Wei, Yiwen Hu, Guanbin Li, Shuguang Cui, S Kevin Zhou, Zhen Li
In practice, box annotations are applied to alleviate the over-fitting issue of previous polyp segmentation models, which generate fine-grained polyp area through the iterative boosted segmentation model.
no code implementations • 2 Dec 2022 • Yinghong Liao, Wending Zhou, Xu Yan, Shuguang Cui, Yizhou Yu, Zhen Li
Moreover, to improve the 2D classifier in the target domain, we perform domain-invariant geometric adaptation from source to target and unify the 2D semantic and 3D geometric segmentation results in two domains.
1 code implementation • CVPR 2023 • Zhen Li, Lingli Wang, Mofang Cheng, Cihui Pan, Jiaqi Yang
We present a efficient multi-view inverse rendering method for large-scale real-world indoor scenes that reconstructs global illumination and physically-reasonable SVBRDFs.
2 code implementations • 12 Nov 2022 • Ziyi Zhang, Weikai Chen, Hui Cheng, Zhen Li, Siyuan Li, Liang Lin, Guanbin Li
We investigate a practical domain adaptation task, called source-free domain adaptation (SFUDA), where the source-pretrained model is adapted to the target domain without access to the source data.
Ranked #4 on
Source-Free Domain Adaptation
on VisDA-2017
2 code implementations • 9 Oct 2022 • Xu Yan, Heshen Zhan, Chaoda Zheng, Jiantao Gao, Ruimao Zhang, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
Specifically, this paper introduces a simple but effective point cloud cross-modality training (PointCMT) strategy, which utilizes view-images, i. e., rendered or projected 2D images of the 3D object, to boost point cloud analysis.
Ranked #10 on
3D Point Cloud Classification
on ModelNet40
no code implementations • 8 Oct 2022 • Yao Lu, Jide Zhang, Su Zheng, Zhen Li, Lingli Wang
In this paper, two approximate 3*3 multipliers are proposed and the synthesis results of the ASAP-7nm process library justify that they can reduce the area by 31. 38% and 36. 17%, and the power consumption by 36. 73% and 35. 66% compared with the exact multiplier, respectively.
no code implementations • 7 Oct 2022 • Liping Tang, Zhen Li, ZhiQuan Luo, Helen Meng
Further experiments on the downstream task of Cross-Lingual Natural Language Inference show that the proposed model achieves significant performance improvement for distant language pairs in downstream tasks compared to state-of-the-art adversarial and non-adversarial models.
no code implementations • 4 Oct 2022 • Yuncheng Jiang, Zixun Zhang, Shixi Qin, Yao Guo, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui
In 3D medical image segmentation, small targets segmentation is crucial for diagnosis but still faces challenges.
1 code implementation • IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 2022 • Huxin Gao, Weichen Fan, Liang Qiu, Xiaoxiao Yang, Zhen Li, Xiuli Zuo, Yanqing Li, Max Q-H Meng, Hongliang Ren
Finally, the simulation results show that the SAVAnet can endow endoscope with surgeons’ visual attention to perform self-control in real time.
no code implementations • 13 Sep 2022 • Yueru Luo, Xu Yan, Chaoda Zheng, Chao Zheng, Shuqi Mei, Tang Kun, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
Estimating accurate lane lines in 3D space remains challenging due to their sparse and slim nature.
Ranked #1 on
3D Lane Detection
on OpenLane
1 code implementation • 1 Aug 2022 • Guangyi Liu, Zeyu Feng, Yuan Gao, Zichao Yang, Xiaodan Liang, Junwei Bao, Xiaodong He, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li, Zhiting Hu
This paper proposes a new efficient approach for composable text operations in the compact latent space of text.
Ranked #2 on
Unsupervised Text Style Transfer
on Yelp
1 code implementation • 21 Jul 2022 • Zuo-Liang Zhu, Zhen Li, Rui-Xun Zhang, Chun-Le Guo, Ming-Ming Cheng
Lighting is a determining factor in photography that affects the style, expression of emotion, and even quality of images.
1 code implementation • 10 Jul 2022 • Xu Yan, Jiantao Gao, Chaoda Zheng, Chao Zheng, Ruimao Zhang, Shenghui Cui, Zhen Li
As camera and LiDAR sensors capture complementary information used in autonomous driving, great efforts have been made to develop semantic segmentation algorithms through multi-modality data fusion.
Ranked #3 on
3D Semantic Segmentation
on SemanticKITTI
no code implementations • 5 Jul 2022 • Zhihao Yuan, Xu Yan, Zhuo Li, Xuhao Li, Yao Guo, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
Recent progress in 3D scene understanding has explored visual grounding (3DVG) to localize a target object through a language description.
1 code implementation • 23 Jun 2022 • Weijie Ma, Ye Zhu, Ruimao Zhang, Jie Yang, Yiwen Hu, Zhen Li, Li Xiang
By aligning the class tokens and spatial attention maps of paired NBI and WL images at different levels, the Transformer achieves the ability to keep both global and local representation consistency for the above two modalities.
no code implementations • 21 Jun 2022 • Jie Yang, Ye Zhu, Chaoqun Wang, Zhen Li, Ruimao Zhang
Integrating multi-modal data to promote medical image analysis has recently gained great attention.
no code implementations • 19 Jun 2022 • Zhen Li, Xiting Wang, Weikai Yang, Jing Wu, Zhengyan Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, HUI ZHANG, Shixia Liu
The rapid development of deep natural language processing (NLP) models for text classification has led to an urgent need for a unified understanding of these models proposed individually.
1 code implementation • 16 Jun 2022 • Yuanfeng Ji, Haotian Bai, Jie Yang, Chongjian Ge, Ye Zhu, Ruimao Zhang, Zhen Li, Lingyan Zhang, Wanling Ma, Xiang Wan, Ping Luo
Constraint by the high cost of collecting and labeling 3D medical data, most of the deep learning models to date are driven by datasets with a limited number of organs of interest or samples, which still limits the power of modern deep models and makes it difficult to provide a fully comprehensive and fair estimate of various methods.
no code implementations • 12 Jun 2022 • Zhen Li, Yunfei Yang
We study the uniform approximation of echo state networks with randomly generated internal weights.
no code implementations • 1 Jun 2022 • Zhen Li, Gilles Stoltz
At each round, given the stochastic i. i. d.\ context $\mathbf{x}_t$ and the arm picked $a_t$ (corresponding, e. g., to a discount level), a customer conversion may be obtained, in which case a reward $r(a,\mathbf{x}_t)$ is gained and vector costs $c(a_t,\mathbf{x}_t)$ are suffered (corresponding, e. g., to losses of earnings).
1 code implementation • 21 Apr 2022 • Tianyu Cui, Gaopeng Gou, Gang Xiong, Chang Liu, Peipei Fu, Zhen Li
6GAN forces multiple generators to train with a multi-class discriminator and an alias detector to generate non-aliased active targets with different addressing pattern types.
1 code implementation • 20 Apr 2022 • Tianyu Cui, Gaopeng Gou, Gang Xiong, Zhen Li, Mingxin Cui, Chang Liu
To do this, we propose an IPv6 address correlation model - SiamHAN.
1 code implementation • 13 Apr 2022 • Zangwei Zheng, Pengtai Xu, Xuan Zou, Da Tang, Zhen Li, Chenguang Xi, Peng Wu, Leqi Zou, Yijie Zhu, Ming Chen, Xiangzhuo Ding, Fuzhao Xue, Ziheng Qin, Youlong Cheng, Yang You
Our experiments show that previous scaling rules fail in the training of CTR prediction neural networks.
1 code implementation • Findings (NAACL) 2022 • Zhen Li, Bing Xu, Conghui Zhu, Tiejun Zhao
Compared with unimodal data, multimodal data can provide more features to help the model analyze the sentiment of data.
6 code implementations • 10 Apr 2022 • Chinedu Innocent Nwoye, Deepak Alapatt, Tong Yu, Armine Vardazaryan, Fangfang Xia, Zixuan Zhao, Tong Xia, Fucang Jia, Yuxuan Yang, Hao Wang, Derong Yu, Guoyan Zheng, Xiaotian Duan, Neil Getty, Ricardo Sanchez-Matilla, Maria Robu, Li Zhang, Huabin Chen, Jiacheng Wang, Liansheng Wang, Bokai Zhang, Beerend Gerats, Sista Raviteja, Rachana Sathish, Rong Tao, Satoshi Kondo, Winnie Pang, Hongliang Ren, Julian Ronald Abbing, Mohammad Hasan Sarhan, Sebastian Bodenstedt, Nithya Bhasker, Bruno Oliveira, Helena R. Torres, Li Ling, Finn Gaida, Tobias Czempiel, João L. Vilaça, Pedro Morais, Jaime Fonseca, Ruby Mae Egging, Inge Nicole Wijma, Chen Qian, GuiBin Bian, Zhen Li, Velmurugan Balasubramanian, Debdoot Sheet, Imanol Luengo, Yuanbo Zhu, Shuai Ding, Jakob-Anton Aschenbrenner, Nicolas Elini van der Kar, Mengya Xu, Mobarakol Islam, Lalithkumar Seenivasan, Alexander Jenke, Danail Stoyanov, Didier Mutter, Pietro Mascagni, Barbara Seeliger, Cristians Gonzalez, Nicolas Padoy
In this paper, we present the challenge setup and assessment of the state-of-the-art deep learning methods proposed by the participants during the challenge.
Ranked #1 on
Action Triplet Recognition
on CholecT50 (Challenge)
(using extra training data)
2 code implementations • CVPR 2022 • Zhen Li, Cheng-Ze Lu, Jianhua Qin, Chun-Le Guo, Ming-Ming Cheng
Optical flow, which captures motion information across frames, is exploited in recent video inpainting methods through propagating pixels along its trajectories.
Ranked #2 on
Seeing Beyond the Visible
on KITTI360-EX
1 code implementation • ACL 2022 • Jinpeng Hu, Zhuo Li, Zhihong Chen, Zhen Li, Xiang Wan, Tsung-Hui Chang
To address the limitation, we propose a unified framework for exploiting both extra knowledge and the original findings in an integrated way so that the critical information (i. e., key words and their relations) can be extracted in an appropriate way to facilitate impression generation.
1 code implementation • CVPR 2022 • Chaoda Zheng, Xu Yan, Haiming Zhang, Baoyuan Wang, Shenghui Cheng, Shuguang Cui, Zhen Li
3D single object tracking (3D SOT) in LiDAR point clouds plays a crucial role in autonomous driving.
Ranked #1 on
Object Tracking
on KITTI
1 code implementation • CVPR 2022 • Zhihao Yuan, Xu Yan, Yinghong Liao, Yao Guo, Guanbin Li, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui
Thus, a more faithful caption can be generated only using point clouds during the inference.
1 code implementation • 13 Feb 2022 • Xinjie Lin, Gang Xiong, Gaopeng Gou, Zhen Li, Junzheng Shi, Jing Yu
In this paper, we propose a new traffic representation model called Encrypted Traffic Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformer (ET-BERT), which pre-trains deep contextualized datagram-level representation from large-scale unlabeled data.
1 code implementation • 12 Feb 2022 • Zhen Li, Guenevere, Chen, Chen Chen, Yayi Zou, Shouhuai Xu
Recent studies show that current source code authorship attribution methods can be compromised by attackers exploiting adversarial examples and coding style manipulation.
2 code implementations • 20 Jan 2022 • Su Zheng, Zhen Li, Yao Lu, Jingbo Gao, Jide Zhang, Lingli Wang
We propose an optimization method for the automatic design of approximate multipliers, which minimizes the average error according to the operand distributions.
no code implementations • 11 Jan 2022 • Yangming Zhou, Jin-Kao Hao, Zhen Li, Fred Glover
Rank aggregation aims to combine the preference rankings of a number of alternatives from different voters into a single consensus ranking.
1 code implementation • CVPR 2022 • Zhen Li, Lingli Wang, Xiang Huang, Cihui Pan, Jiaqi Yang
In this paper, we present PhyIR, a neural inverse rendering method with a more completed SVBRDF representation and a physics-based in-network rendering layer, which can handle complex material and incorporate physical constraints by re-rendering realistic and detailed specular reflectance.
1 code implementation • 22 Dec 2021 • Xu Yan, Zhihao Yuan, Yuhao Du, Yinghong Liao, Yao Guo, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui
To tackle this problem, we propose the CLEVR3D, a large-scale VQA-3D dataset consisting of 171K questions from 8, 771 3D scenes.
no code implementations • 2 Dec 2021 • Wei Liu, Huanqin Wu, Wenjing Mu, Zhen Li, Tao Chen, Dan Nie
We propose CO2Sum (Contrastive for Consistency), a contrastive learning scheme that can be easily applied on sequence-to-sequence models for factual-consistent abstractive summarization, proving that the model can be fact-aware without modifying the architecture.
no code implementations • 26 Nov 2021 • Shirong Shen, Zhen Li, Guilin Qi
During the selection process, we use an internal-external sample loss ranking method to evaluate the sample importance by using local information.
1 code implementation • 18 Nov 2021 • Xiang Bai, Hanchen Wang, Liya Ma, Yongchao Xu, Jiefeng Gan, Ziwei Fan, Fan Yang, Ke Ma, Jiehua Yang, Song Bai, Chang Shu, Xinyu Zou, Renhao Huang, Changzheng Zhang, Xiaowu Liu, Dandan Tu, Chuou Xu, Wenqing Zhang, Xi Wang, Anguo Chen, Yu Zeng, Dehua Yang, Ming-Wei Wang, Nagaraj Holalkere, Neil J. Halin, Ihab R. Kamel, Jia Wu, Xuehua Peng, Xiang Wang, Jianbo Shao, Pattanasak Mongkolwat, Jianjun Zhang, Weiyang Liu, Michael Roberts, Zhongzhao Teng, Lucian Beer, Lorena Escudero Sanchez, Evis Sala, Daniel Rubin, Adrian Weller, Joan Lasenby, Chuangsheng Zheng, Jianming Wang, Zhen Li, Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb, Tian Xia
Artificial intelligence (AI) provides a promising substitution for streamlining COVID-19 diagnoses.
no code implementations • 1 Oct 2021 • Yan Xia, Linhui Jiang, Lu Wang, Xue Chen, Jianjie Ye, Tangyan Hou, Liqiang Wang, Yibo Zhang, Mengying Li, Zhen Li, Zhe Song, Yaping Jiang, Weiping Liu, Pengfei Li, Daniel Rosenfeld, John H. Seinfeld, Shaocai Yu
Our results show that the ORRS measurements, assisted by the machine-learning-based ensemble model developed here, can realize day-to-day supervision of on-road vehicle-specific emissions.
no code implementations • 11 Aug 2021 • Guangyi Liu, Yinghong Liao, Fuyu Wang, Bin Zhang, Lu Zhang, Xiaodan Liang, Xiang Wan, Shaolin Li, Zhen Li, Shuixing Zhang, Shuguang Cui
Medical imaging technologies, including computed tomography (CT) or chest X-Ray (CXR), are largely employed to facilitate the diagnosis of the COVID-19.
2 code implementations • ICCV 2021 • Chaoda Zheng, Xu Yan, Jiantao Gao, Weibing Zhao, Wei zhang, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui
Current 3D single object tracking approaches track the target based on a feature comparison between the target template and the search area.
Ranked #2 on
Object Tracking
on KITTI
no code implementations • 5 Aug 2021 • Qin Wang, Hui Che, Weizhen Ding, Li Xiang, Guanbin Li, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui
Thus, we propose a novel framework based on a teacher-student architecture for the accurate colorectal polyp classification (CPC) through directly using white-light (WL) colonoscopy images in the examination.
1 code implementation • 2 Aug 2021 • Zhen Li, Jing Tang, Deqing Zou, Qian Chen, Shouhuai Xu, Chao Zhang, Yichen Li, Hai Jin
Automatically detecting software vulnerabilities in source code is an important problem that has attracted much attention.
1 code implementation • CVPR 2021 • Jun Wei, Qin Wang, Zhen Li, Sheng Wang, S. Kevin Zhou, Shuguang Cui
In practice, our SPOL model first generates the CAMs through a novel element-wise multiplication of shallow and deep feature maps, which filters the background noise and generates sharper boundaries robustly.
1 code implementation • 2 Aug 2021 • Jun Wei, Yiwen Hu, Ruimao Zhang, Zhen Li, S. Kevin Zhou, Shuguang Cui
To address the above issues, we propose the Shallow Attention Network (SANet) for polyp segmentation.
Ranked #9 on
Video Polyp Segmentation
on SUN-SEG-Easy (Unseen)
no code implementations • 19 Jul 2021 • Yiran Wang, Zhen Li
In this work, we use an explainable convolutional neural network (NLS-Net) to solve an inverse problem of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, which is widely used in fiber-optic communications.
1 code implementation • 29 Jun 2021 • Guangyi Liu, Zichao Yang, Tianhua Tao, Xiaodan Liang, Junwei Bao, Zhen Li, Xiaodong He, Shuguang Cui, Zhiting Hu
Such training objective is sub-optimal when the target sequence is not perfect, e. g., when the target sequence is corrupted with noises, or when only weak sequence supervision is available.
1 code implementation • 28 Jun 2021 • Yuanfeng Ji, Ruimao Zhang, Huijie Wang, Zhen Li, Lingyun Wu, Shaoting Zhang, Ping Luo
The recent vision transformer(i. e. for image classification) learns non-local attentive interaction of different patch tokens.
no code implementations • 27 May 2021 • Jian Huang, Yuling Jiao, Zhen Li, Shiao Liu, Yang Wang, Yunfei Yang
This paper studies how well generative adversarial networks (GANs) learn probability distributions from finite samples.
1 code implementation • 26 May 2021 • Chun-Ta Lu, Yun Zeng, Da-Cheng Juan, Yicheng Fan, Zhe Li, Jan Dlabal, Yi-Ting Chen, Arjun Gopalan, Allan Heydon, Chun-Sung Ferng, Reah Miyara, Ariel Fuxman, Futang Peng, Zhen Li, Tom Duerig, Andrew Tomkins
In this work, we propose CARLS, a novel framework for augmenting the capacity of existing deep learning frameworks by enabling multiple components -- model trainers, knowledge makers and knowledge banks -- to concertedly work together in an asynchronous fashion across hardware platforms.
no code implementations • 4 May 2021 • Heqing Huang, Tongbin Huang, Zhen Li, Zhiwei Wei, Shilei Lv
Compared with most of the existing citrus segmentation methods, our method uses a small amount of supervised data and a large number of unsupervised data, while learning the pixel level location information and the temporal information of citrus changes to enhance the segmentation effect.
1 code implementation • 30 Apr 2021 • Weibing Zhao, Xu Yan, Jiantao Gao, Ruimao Zhang, Jiayan Zhang, Zhen Li, Song Wu, Shuguang Cui
In this paper, we address a fundamental problem in PCSR: How to downsample the dense point cloud with arbitrary scales while preserving the local topology of discarding points in a case-agnostic manner (i. e. without additional storage for point relationship)?
1 code implementation • CVPR 2021 • Gang Xu, Jun Xu, Zhen Li, Liang Wang, Xing Sun, Ming-Ming Cheng
To well exploit the temporal information, we propose a Locally-temporal Feature Comparison (LFC) module, along with the Bi-directional Deformable ConvLSTM, to extract short-term and long-term motion cues in videos.
1 code implementation • ICCV 2021 • Mingtao Feng, Zhen Li, Qi Li, Liang Zhang, Xiangdong Zhang, Guangming Zhu, HUI ZHANG, Yaonan Wang, Ajmal Mian
There are three main challenges in 3D object grounding: to find the main focus in the complex and diverse description; to understand the point cloud scene; and to locate the target object.
1 code implementation • ICCV 2021 • Zhihao Yuan, Xu Yan, Yinghong Liao, Ruimao Zhang, Sheng Wang, Zhen Li, Shuguang Cui
Compared with the visual grounding on 2D images, the natural-language-guided 3D object localization on point clouds is more challenging.
4 code implementations • 11 Feb 2021 • Chao Jia, Yinfei Yang, Ye Xia, Yi-Ting Chen, Zarana Parekh, Hieu Pham, Quoc V. Le, YunHsuan Sung, Zhen Li, Tom Duerig
In this paper, we leverage a noisy dataset of over one billion image alt-text pairs, obtained without expensive filtering or post-processing steps in the Conceptual Captions dataset.
Ranked #1 on
Image Classification
on VTAB-1k
(using extra training data)
no code implementations • 29 Jan 2021 • Yunfei Yang, Zhen Li, Yang Wang
Furthermore, it is shown that the approximation error in Wasserstein distance grows at most linearly on the ambient dimension and that the approximation order only depends on the intrinsic dimension of the target distribution.
no code implementations • 28 Dec 2020 • Zhen Li, Sunzeng Cai, Xiaoyi Wang, Zhe Liu, Nian Xue
Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) has been a useful yet challenging task in many real-world applications such as video surveillance, intelligent retail, and smart city.
no code implementations • 23 Dec 2020 • Fujun Wang, Zining Cao, Lixing Tan, Zhen Li
After that, we present a performance evaluation language, CTRML, to reason over probabilistic systems, which extend the results to real number.
Formal Languages and Automata Theory F.4.3
no code implementations • 23 Dec 2020 • Chensen Lin, Zhen Li, Lu Lu, Shengze Cai, Martin Maxey, George Em Karniadakis
Simulating and predicting multiscale problems that couple multiple physics and dynamics across many orders of spatiotemporal scales is a great challenge that has not been investigated systematically by deep neural networks (DNNs).
Computational Physics
no code implementations • 22 Dec 2020 • Neophytos Neophytou, Vassilios Vargiamidis, Samuel Foster, Patrizio Graziosi, Laura de Sousa Oliveira, Dhritiman Chakraborty, Zhen Li, Mischa Thesberg, Hans Kosina, Nick Bennett, Giovanni Pennelli, Dario Narducci
Central to this ZT improvement is the drastic reduction in the material thermal conductivity due to the scattering of phonons on the numerous interfaces, boundaries, dislocations, point defects, phases, etc., which are purposely included.
Materials Science
2 code implementations • 7 Dec 2020 • Xu Yan, Jiantao Gao, Jie Li, Ruimao Zhang, Zhen Li, Rui Huang, Shuguang Cui
In practice, an initial semantic segmentation (SS) of a single sweep point cloud can be achieved by any appealing network and then flows into the semantic scene completion (SSC) module as the input.
Ranked #3 on
3D Semantic Scene Completion
on SemanticKITTI
3D Semantic Scene Completion from a single RGB image
3D Semantic Segmentation
+2
no code implementations • COLING 2020 • Shirong Shen, Guilin Qi, Zhen Li, Sheng Bi, Lusheng Wang
We label a Chinese legal event dataset and evaluate our model on it.
no code implementations • SEMEVAL 2020 • Zhen Li, Yaojie Zhang, Bing Xu, Tiejun Zhao
Internet memes emotion recognition is focused by many researchers.
1 code implementation • 1 Dec 2020 • Nian Xue, Liang Niu, Xianbin Hong, Zhen Li, Larissa Hoffaeller, Christina Pöpper
To detect GPS spoofing attacks, we investigate different deep neural network models that compare the real-time camera images with the historical satellite images.
2 code implementations • 25 Nov 2020 • Chang-Bin Zhang, Peng-Tao Jiang, Qibin Hou, Yunchao Wei, Qi Han, Zhen Li, Ming-Ming Cheng
Experiments demonstrate that based on the same classification models, the proposed approach can effectively improve the classification performance on CIFAR-100, ImageNet, and fine-grained datasets.
no code implementations • 2 Nov 2020 • Lufei Gao, Ruisong Zhou, Changfeng Dong, Cheng Feng, Zhen Li, Xiang Wan, Li Liu
With the development of radiomics, noninvasive diagnosis like ultrasound (US) imaging plays a very important role in automatic liver fibrosis diagnosis (ALFD).
no code implementations • 26 Oct 2020 • Haibo Su, Peng Wang, Lingqiao Liu, Hui Li, Zhen Li, Yanning Zhang
Fashion products typically feature in compositions of a variety of styles at different clothing parts.
no code implementations • 16 Sep 2020 • Yuanfeng Ji, Ruimao Zhang, Zhen Li, Jiamin Ren, Shaoting Zhang, Ping Luo
Unlike the recent neural architecture search (NAS) methods that typically searched the optimal operators in each network layer, but missed a good strategy to search for feature aggregations, this paper proposes a novel NAS method for 3D medical image segmentation, named UXNet, which searches both the scale-wise feature aggregation strategies as well as the block-wise operators in the encoder-decoder network.
no code implementations • 10 Sep 2020 • Jiali Liu, Wenxuan Wang, Tianyao Guan, Ningbo Zhao, Xiaoguang Han, Zhen Li
An indicator-guided learning mechanism is further proposed to ease the training of the proposed model.
no code implementations • 28 Jul 2020 • Weikai Yang, Zhen Li, Mengchen Liu, Yafeng Lu, Kelei Cao, Ross Maciejewski, Shixia Liu
Concept drift is a phenomenon in which the distribution of a data stream changes over time in unforeseen ways, causing prediction models built on historical data to become inaccurate.
no code implementations • 12 Jul 2020 • Di Xu, Zhen Li, Yanning Zhang, Qi Cao
This paper presents an illumination estimation method for virtual objects in real environment by learning.
no code implementations • 3 Jul 2020 • Shipeng Fu, Zhen Li, Jun Xu, Ming-Ming Cheng, Zitao Liu, Xiaomin Yang
Knowledge distillation is a standard teacher-student learning framework to train a light-weight student network under the guidance of a well-trained large teacher network.
no code implementations • 6 Jun 2020 • Linjiang Zhang, Peng Wang, Hui Li, Zhen Li, Chunhua Shen, Yanning Zhang
On the other hand, the 2D attentional based license plate recognizer with an Xception-based CNN encoder is capable of recognizing license plates with different patterns under various scenarios accurately and robustly.
1 code implementation • RSC advances 2020 • Mingjian Jiang, Zhen Li, Shugang Zhang, Shuang Wang, XiaoFeng Wang, Qing Yuan, Zhiqiang Wei
Computer-aided drug design uses high-performance computers to simulate the tasks in drug design, which is a promising research area.
Ranked #3 on
Drug Discovery
on LIT-PCBA(ALDH1)
no code implementations • 25 May 2020 • Yunfei Yang, Zhen Li, Yang Wang
We also give lower bounds of the $L^p (1\le p \le \infty)$ approximation error for Sobolev spaces, which show that our construction of neural network is asymptotically optimal up to a logarithmic factor.
no code implementations • CVPR 2020 • Ruimao Zhang, Zhanglin Peng, Lingyun Wu, Zhen Li, Ping Luo
This work investigates a novel dynamic learning-to-normalize (L2N) problem by proposing Exemplar Normalization (EN), which is able to learn different normalization methods for different convolutional layers and image samples of a deep network.
no code implementations • 8 Mar 2020 • Yang Feng, Futang Peng, Xu Zhang, Wei Zhu, Shanfeng Zhang, Howard Zhou, Zhen Li, Tom Duerig, Shih-Fu Chang, Jiebo Luo
Therefore, we propose to distill the knowledge in multiple specialists into a universal embedding to solve this problem.
1 code implementation • CVPR 2020 • Xu Yan, Chaoda Zheng, Zhen Li, Sheng Wang, Shuguang Cui
Extensive experiments verify the robustness and superiority of our approach in point clouds processing tasks regardless of synthesis data, indoor data, and outdoor data with or without noise.
Ranked #24 on
Semantic Segmentation
on S3DIS
no code implementations • 28 Feb 2020 • Zichu Liu, Qing Zhang, Pei Wang, Zhen Li, Huiru Wang
A classification method was proposed to classify the leaves and stems of potted plants automatically based on the point cloud data of the plants, which is a nondestructive acquisition.
no code implementations • 20 Jan 2020 • Zhen-Liang Ni, Gui-Bin Bian, Guan-An Wang, Xiao-Hu Zhou, Zeng-Guang Hou, Xiao-Liang Xie, Zhen Li, Yu-Han Wang
For the scale variation, our adaptive receptive field module aggregates multi-scale features and automatically fuses them with different weights.
no code implementations • 8 Jan 2020 • Deqing Zou, Sujuan Wang, Shouhuai Xu, Zhen Li, Hai Jin
Existing vulnerability detection methods based on deep learning can detect the presence of vulnerabilities (i. e., addressing the binary classification or detection problem), but cannot pinpoint types of vulnerabilities (i. e., incapable of addressing multiclass classification).
no code implementations • 16 Dec 2019 • Zhen Li, Hanyang Shao, Nian Xue, Liang Niu, Liangliang Cao
This paper studies the problem of Person Re-Identification (ReID)for large-scale applications.
1 code implementation • 24 Oct 2019 • Zhen-Liang Ni, Gui-Bin Bian, Zeng-Guang Hou, Xiao-Hu Zhou, Xiao-Liang Xie, Zhen Li
LWANet adopts encoder-decoder architecture, where the encoder is the lightweight network MobileNetV2, and the decoder consists of depthwise separable convolution, attention fusion block, and transposed convolution.
1 code implementation • 23 Sep 2019 • Zhen-Liang Ni, Gui-Bin Bian, Xiao-Hu Zhou, Zeng-Guang Hou, Xiao-Liang Xie, Chen Wang, Yan-Jie Zhou, Rui-Qi Li, Zhen Li
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first cataract surgical instrument dataset for semantic segmentation.
no code implementations • 23 Sep 2019 • Xuhui Meng, Zhen Li, Dongkun Zhang, George Em. Karniadakis
Consequently, compared to the original PINN approach, the proposed PPINN approach may achieve a significant speedup for long-time integration of PDEs, assuming that the CG solver is fast and can provide reasonable predictions of the solution, hence aiding the PPINN solution to converge in just a few iterations.
1 code implementation • Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2019 • Xiao-Feng Wang, Zhen Li, Mingjian Jiang, Shuang Wang, Shugang Zhang, Zhiqiang Wei
And, multiple C-SGELs are stacked to construct a convolution spatial graph embedding network (C-SGEN) for end-to-end representation learning.
Ranked #2 on
Graph Regression
on Lipophilicity
1 code implementation • ICCV 2019 • Pengxiang Yan, Guanbin Li, Yuan Xie, Zhen Li, Chuan Wang, Tianshui Chen, Liang Lin
Specifically, we present an effective video saliency detector that consists of a spatial refinement network and a spatiotemporal module.
Ranked #1 on
Video Salient Object Detection
on VOS-T
(using extra training data)
no code implementations • 22 Jul 2019 • Zhen Li, Eric Laber
In this paper, we show the convergence rates of posterior distributions of the model dynamics in a MDP for both episodic and continuous tasks.
1 code implementation • 9 Jul 2019 • Qilei Li, Zhen Li, Lu Lu, Gwanggil Jeon, Kai Liu, Xiaomin Yang
The rapid development of deep learning (DL) has driven single image super-resolution (SR) into a new era.
Ranked #14 on
Image Super-Resolution
on Manga109 - 4x upscaling
no code implementations • 27 May 2019 • Zhen Li, Shiyun Xiong, Charles Sievers, Yue Hu, Zheyong Fan, Ning Wei, Hua Bao, Shunda Chen, Davide Donadio, Tapio Ala-Nissila
Conventionally, the thermal conductivity of a finite system is calculated as the ratio between the heat flux and the temperature gradient extracted from the linear part of the temperature profile away from the local thermostats.
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics Statistical Mechanics Computational Physics
no code implementations • 15 May 2019 • Jun Xu, Qinghua Tao, Zhen Li, Xiangming Xi, Johan A. K. Suykens, Shuning Wang
It is proved that for every EHH neural network, there is an equivalent adaptive hinging hyperplanes (AHH) tree, which was also proposed based on the model of HH and find good applications in system identification.
1 code implementation • 2 Apr 2019 • Lu Yang, Fan Dang, Peng Wang, Hui Li, Zhen Li, Yanning Zhang
In this work, we propose a simple yet strong approach for scene text recognition.
2 code implementations • 25 Mar 2019 • Yidong Xia, Ansel Blumers, Zhen Li, Lixiang Luo, Yu-Hang Tang, Joshua Kane, Hai Huang, Matthew Andrew, Milind Deo, Jan Goral
Lastly, we demonstrate, through a flow simulation in realistic shale pores, that the CPU counterpart requires 840 Power9 cores to rival the performance delivered by our package with four V100 GPUs on ORNL's Summit architecture.
Computational Physics
4 code implementations • CVPR 2019 • Zhen Li, Jinglei Yang, Zheng Liu, Xiaomin Yang, Gwanggil Jeon, Wei Wu
In this paper, we propose an image super-resolution feedback network (SRFBN) to refine low-level representations with high-level information.
1 code implementation • 14 Feb 2019 • Da-Cheng Juan, Chun-Ta Lu, Zhen Li, Futang Peng, Aleksei Timofeev, Yi-Ting Chen, Yaxi Gao, Tom Duerig, Andrew Tomkins, Sujith Ravi
Learning image representations to capture fine-grained semantics has been a challenging and important task enabling many applications such as image search and clustering.
Ranked #11 on
Image Classification
on iNaturalist
no code implementations • 11 Nov 2018 • Zhen Li, Nicholas J. Meyer, Eric B. Laber, Robert Brigantic
We propose a variant of Thompson Sampling for pursuit-evasion that allows for the application of existing model-based planning algorithms.
no code implementations • 27 Oct 2018 • Zhiping Mao, Zhen Li, George Em. Karniadakis
Instead of specifying the fPDEs with an ad hoc fractional order for nonlocal flocking dynamics, we learn the effective nonlocal influence function in fPDEs directly from particle trajectories generated by the agent-based simulations.
1 code implementation • 14 Aug 2018 • Zhen Li, Lili Wu, Weilian Zhou, Sujit Ghosh
Multivariate density estimation is a popular technique in statistics with wide applications including regression models allowing for heteroskedasticity in conditional variances.
Methodology
4 code implementations • 18 Jul 2018 • Zhen Li, Deqing Zou, Shouhuai Xu, Hai Jin, Yawei Zhu, Zhaoxuan Chen
Our experiments with 4 software products demonstrate the usefulness of the framework: we detect 15 vulnerabilities that are not reported in the National Vulnerability Database.
1 code implementation • NeurIPS 2018 • Bao Wang, Xiyang Luo, Zhen Li, Wei Zhu, Zuoqiang Shi, Stanley J. Osher
We replace the output layer of deep neural nets, typically the softmax function, by a novel interpolating function.
4 code implementations • 5 Jan 2018 • Zhen Li, Deqing Zou, Shouhuai Xu, Xinyu Ou, Hai Jin, Sujuan Wang, Zhijun Deng, Yuyi Zhong
Since deep learning is motivated to deal with problems that are very different from the problem of vulnerability detection, we need some guiding principles for applying deep learning to vulnerability detection.
no code implementations • 21 Nov 2017 • Jiyang Gao, Zijian, Guo, Zhen Li, Ram Nevatia
To address these challenges, we propose a Knowledge Concentration method, which effectively transfers the knowledge from dozens of specialists (multiple teacher networks) into one single model (one student network) to classify 100K object categories.
1 code implementation • 30 Oct 2017 • Yao Ming, Shaozu Cao, Ruixiang Zhang, Zhen Li, Yuanzhe Chen, Yangqiu Song, Huamin Qu
We propose a technique to explain the function of individual hidden state units based on their expected response to input texts.
no code implementations • ICCV 2017 • Xiaoguang Han, Zhen Li, Haibin Huang, Evangelos Kalogerakis, Yizhou Yu
Our method is based on a new deep learning architecture consisting of two sub-networks: a global structure inference network and a local geometry refinement network.
no code implementations • 28 Aug 2017 • Sheng Wang, Zhen Li, Yizhou Yu, Jinbo Xu
Computational elucidation of membrane protein (MP) structures is challenging partially due to lack of sufficient solved structures for homology modeling.
no code implementations • 21 Aug 2017 • Zhen Li, Zuoqiang Shi
Based on a natural connection between ResNet and transport equation or its characteristic equation, we propose a continuous flow model for both ResNet and plain net.
no code implementations • 17 May 2017 • Zhen Li, Jingtian Bai, Weilian Zhou
When no hubs are known, we use Graphical Lasso (GL) to provide information of hubs and find that the performance of DHGL will always be better than HGL if correct prior information is given and will seldom degenerate when the prior information is wrong.
no code implementations • 24 Apr 2017 • Zhen Li, Sheng Wang, Yizhou Yu, Jinbo Xu
Tested on 510 non-redundant MPs, our deep model (learned from only non-MPs) has top L/10 long-range contact prediction accuracy 0. 69, better than our deep model trained by only MPs (0. 63) and much better than a representative DCA method CCMpred (0. 47) and the CASP11 winner MetaPSICOV (0. 55).
2 code implementations • 18 Nov 2016 • Ansel L. Blumers, Yu-Hang Tang, Zhen Li, Xuejin Li, George E. Karniadakis
We observe a speedup of 10. 1 on one GPU over all 16 cores within a single node, and a weak scaling efficiency of 91% across 256 nodes.
Computational Physics Biological Physics
1 code implementation • 2 Sep 2016 • Sheng Wang, Siqi Sun, Zhen Li, Renyu Zhang, Jinbo Xu
Using our predicted contacts as restraints, we can (ab initio) fold 208 of the 398 membrane proteins with TMscore>0. 5.
1 code implementation • 25 Apr 2016 • Zhen Li, Yizhou Yu
Inspired by the recent successes of deep neural networks, in this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep network that predicts protein secondary structures from integrated local and global contextual features.
no code implementations • 24 Apr 2016 • Mengchen Liu, Jiaxin Shi, Zhen Li, Chongxuan Li, Jun Zhu, Shixia Liu
Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved breakthrough performance in many pattern recognition tasks such as image classification.
1 code implementation • 18 Apr 2016 • Zhen Li, Yukang Gan, Xiaodan Liang, Yizhou Yu, Hui Cheng, Liang Lin
Another long short-term memorized fusion layer is set up to integrate the contexts along the vertical direction from different channels, and perform bi-directional propagation of the fused vertical contexts along the horizontal direction to obtain true 2D global contexts.
no code implementations • CVPR 2016 • Calvin Murdock, Zhen Li, Howard Zhou, Tom Duerig
Most deep architectures for image classification--even those that are trained to classify a large number of diverse categories--learn shared image representations with a single model.
no code implementations • CVPR 2015 • Vignesh Ramanathan, Cong-Cong Li, Jia Deng, Wei Han, Zhen Li, Kunlong Gu, Yang song, Samy Bengio, Charles Rosenberg, Li Fei-Fei
Human actions capture a wide variety of interactions between people and objects.
no code implementations • CVPR 2013 • Zhen Li, Shiyu Chang, Feng Liang, Thomas S. Huang, Liangliang Cao, John R. Smith
This paper proposes to learn a decision function for verification that can be viewed as a joint model of a distance metric and a locally adaptive thresholding rule.
no code implementations • NeurIPS 2011 • Zhen Li, Huazhong Ning, Liangliang Cao, Tong Zhang, Yihong Gong, Thomas S. Huang
Traditional approaches relied on algorithmic constructions that are often data independent (such as Locality Sensitive Hashing) or weakly dependent (such as kd-trees, k-means trees).