Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects at least 5-10% of school-age children and is associated with substantial lifelong impairment, with annual direct costs exceeding $36 billion/year in the US. Despite a voluminous empirical literature, the scientific community remains without a comprehensive model of the pathophysiology of ADHD. Further, the clinical community remains without objective biological tools capable of informing the diagnosis of ADHD for an individual or guiding clinicians in their decision-making regarding treatment.
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