Knowledge Augmented Machine Learning with Applications in Autonomous Driving: A Survey

10 May 2022 · Julian Wörmann, Daniel Bogdoll, Christian Brunner, Etienne Bührle, Han Chen, Evaristus Fuh Chuo, Kostadin Cvejoski, Ludger van Elst, Philip Gottschall, Stefan Griesche, Christian Hellert, Christian Hesels, Sebastian Houben, Tim Joseph, Niklas Keil, Johann Kelsch, Mert Keser, Hendrik Königshof, Erwin Kraft, Leonie Kreuser, Kevin Krone, Tobias Latka, Denny Mattern, Stefan Matthes, Franz Motzkus, Mohsin Munir, Moritz Nekolla, Adrian Paschke, Stefan Pilar von Pilchau, Maximilian Alexander Pintz, Tianming Qiu, Faraz Qureishi, Syed Tahseen Raza Rizvi, Jörg Reichardt, Laura von Rueden, Alexander Sagel, Diogo Sasdelli, Tobias Scholl, Gerhard Schunk, Gesina Schwalbe, Hao Shen, Youssef Shoeb, Hendrik Stapelbroek, Vera Stehr, Gurucharan Srinivas, Anh Tuan Tran, Abhishek Vivekanandan, Ya Wang, Florian Wasserrab, Tino Werner, Christian Wirth, Stefan Zwicklbauer ·

The availability of representative datasets is an essential prerequisite for many successful artificial intelligence and machine learning models. However, in real life applications these models often encounter scenarios that are inadequately represented in the data used for training. There are various reasons for the absence of sufficient data, ranging from time and cost constraints to ethical considerations. As a consequence, the reliable usage of these models, especially in safety-critical applications, is still a tremendous challenge. Leveraging additional, already existing sources of knowledge is key to overcome the limitations of purely data-driven approaches. Knowledge augmented machine learning approaches offer the possibility of compensating for deficiencies, errors, or ambiguities in the data, thus increasing the generalization capability of the applied models. Even more, predictions that conform with knowledge are crucial for making trustworthy and safe decisions even in underrepresented scenarios. This work provides an overview of existing techniques and methods in the literature that combine data-driven models with existing knowledge. The identified approaches are structured according to the categories knowledge integration, extraction and conformity. In particular, we address the application of the presented methods in the field of autonomous driving.

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