Lexical Conceptual Structure of Literal and Metaphorical Spatial Language: A Case Study of ``Push''

Prior methodologies for understanding spatial language have treated literal expressions such as {``}Mary pushed the car over the edge{''} differently from metaphorical extensions such as {``}Mary{'}s job pushed her over the edge{''}. We demonstrate a methodology for standardizing literal and metaphorical meanings, by building on work in Lexical Conceptual Structure (LCS), a general-purpose representational component used in machine translation. We argue that spatial predicates naturally extend into other fields (e.g., circumstantial or temporal), and that LCS provides both a framework for distinguishing spatial from non-spatial, and a system for finding metaphorical meaning extensions. We start with MetaNet (MN), a large repository of conceptual metaphors, condensing 197 spatial entries into sixteen top-level categories of motion frames. Using naturally occurring instances of English push , and expansions of MN frames, we demonstrate that literal and metaphorical extensions exhibit patterns predicted and represented by the LCS model.