1 code implementation • 13 Dec 2023 • Dipesh Niraula, Issam El Naqa, Jack Adam Tuszynski, Robert A. Gatenby
Virtually all cells use energy and ion-specific membrane pumps to maintain large transmembrane gradients of Na$^+$, K$^+$, Cl$^-$, Mg$^{++}$, and Ca$^{++}$.