Revising deep learning methods in parking lot occupancy detection

Parking guidance systems have recently become a popular trend as a part of the smart cities' paradigm of development. The crucial part of such systems is the algorithm allowing drivers to search for available parking lots across regions of interest. The classic approach to this task is based on the application of neural network classifiers to camera records. However, existing systems demonstrate a lack of generalization ability and appropriate testing regarding specific visual conditions. In this study, we extensively evaluate state-of-the-art parking lot occupancy detection algorithms, compare their prediction quality with the recently emerged vision transformers, and propose a new pipeline based on EfficientNet architecture. Performed computational experiments have demonstrated the performance increase in the case of our model, which was evaluated on 5 different datasets.

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Datasets


Introduced in the Paper:

SPKL

Used in the Paper:

PKLot Action-Camera Parking

Results from the Paper


 Ranked #1 on Parking Space Occupancy on PKLot (F1-score metric)

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Task Dataset Model Metric Name Metric Value Global Rank Result Benchmark
Parking Space Occupancy ACMPS EfficientNet-P F1-score 0.9982 # 1
Parking Space Occupancy ACMPS CFEN F1-score 0.9789 # 4
Parking Space Occupancy ACMPS CarNet F1-score 0.9877 # 3
Parking Space Occupancy ACMPS ResNet50 F1-score 0.9379 # 5
Parking Space Occupancy ACMPS MobileNetV2 F1-score 0.9971 # 2
Parking Space Occupancy Action-Camera Parking ResNet50 F1-score 0.8377 # 5
Parking Space Occupancy Action-Camera Parking CFEN F1-score 0.8302 # 6
Parking Space Occupancy Action-Camera Parking EfficientNet-P F1-score 0.9125 # 3
Parking Space Occupancy Action-Camera Parking VGG-19 F1-score 0.9152 # 2
Parking Space Occupancy Action-Camera Parking mAlexNet F1-score 0.8577 # 4
Parking Space Occupancy Action-Camera Parking MobileNetV2 F1-score 0.9343 # 1
Parking Space Occupancy Action-Camera Parking ViT F1 0.8152 # 1
Parking Space Occupancy CNRPark+EXT ViT F1-score 0.9176 # 6
Parking Space Occupancy CNRPark+EXT EfficientNet-P F1-score 0.9683 # 1
Parking Space Occupancy CNRPark+EXT CFEN F1-score 0.8482 # 7
Parking Space Occupancy CNRPark+EXT VGG-19 F1-score 0.9629 # 3
Parking Space Occupancy CNRPark+EXT CarNet F1-score 0.9332 # 5
Parking Space Occupancy CNRPark+EXT MobileNetV2 F1-score 0.9663 # 2
Parking Space Occupancy CNRPark+EXT ResNet50 F1-score 0.938 # 4
Parking Space Occupancy PKLot ResNet50 F1-score 0.9926 # 2
Parking Space Occupancy PKLot VGG-19 F1-score 0.9988 # 1
Parking Space Occupancy SPKL ResNet50 F1-score 0.6674 # 6
Parking Space Occupancy SPKL CFEN F1-score 0.5367 # 7
Parking Space Occupancy SPKL EfficientNet-P F1-score 0.7393 # 1
Parking Space Occupancy SPKL MobileNetV2 F1-score 0.6937 # 4
Parking Space Occupancy SPKL CarNet F1-score 0.7131 # 3
Parking Space Occupancy SPKL ViT F1-score 0.7335 # 2
Parking Space Occupancy SPKL VGG-19 F1-score 0.6801 # 5

Methods